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Compositional Model Checking
, 1999
"... We describe a method for reducing the complexity of temporal logic model checking in systems composed of many parallel processes. The goal is to check properties of the components of a system and then deduce global properties from these local properties. The main difficulty with this type of approac ..."
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Cited by 3254 (70 self)
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We describe a method for reducing the complexity of temporal logic model checking in systems composed of many parallel processes. The goal is to check properties of the components of a system and then deduce global properties from these local properties. The main difficulty with this type of approach is that local properties are often not preserved at the global level. We present a general framework for using additional interface processes to model the environment for a component. These interface processes are typically much simpler than the full environment of the component. By composing a component with its interface processes and then checking properties of this composition, we can guarantee that these properties will be preserved at the global level. We give two example compositional systems based on the logic CTL*.
Counterexample-guided Abstraction Refinement
, 2000
"... We present an automatic iterative abstraction-refinement methodology in which the initial abstract model is generated by an automatic analysis of the control structures in the program to be verified. Abstract models may admit erroneous (or "spurious") counterexamples. We devise new symb ..."
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Cited by 841 (71 self)
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We present an automatic iterative abstraction-refinement methodology in which the initial abstract model is generated by an automatic analysis of the control structures in the program to be verified. Abstract models may admit erroneous (or "spurious") counterexamples. We devise new symbolic techniques which analyze such counterexamples and refine the abstract model correspondingly.
Parametric Shape Analysis via 3-Valued Logic
, 2001
"... Shape Analysis concerns the problem of determining "shape invariants"... ..."
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Cited by 663 (80 self)
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Shape Analysis concerns the problem of determining "shape invariants"...
Model Checking Programs
, 2003
"... The majority of work carried out in the formal methods community throughout the last three decades has (for good reasons) been devoted to special languages designed to make it easier to experiment with mechanized formal methods such as theorem provers, proof checkers and model checkers. In this pape ..."
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Cited by 589 (63 self)
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The majority of work carried out in the formal methods community throughout the last three decades has (for good reasons) been devoted to special languages designed to make it easier to experiment with mechanized formal methods such as theorem provers, proof checkers and model checkers. In this paper we will attempt to give convincing arguments for why we believe it is time for the formal methods community to shift some of its attention towards the analysis of programs written in modern programming languages. In keeping with this philosophy we have developed a verification and testing environment for Java, called Java PathFinder (JPF), which integrates model checking, program analysis and testing. Part of this work has consisted of building a new Java Virtual Machine that interprets Java bytecode. JPF uses state compression to handle big states, and partial order and symmetry reduction, slicing, abstraction, and runtime analysis techniques to reduce the state space. JPF has been applied to a real-time avionics operating system developed at Honeywell, illustrating an intricate error, and to a model of a spacecraft controller, illustrating the combination of abstraction, runtime analysis, and slicing with model checking.
Automatic predicate abstraction of C programs
- IN PROC. ACM PLDI
, 2001
"... Model checking has been widely successful in validating and debugging designs in the hardware and protocol domains. However, state-space explosion limits the applicability of model checking tools, so model checkers typically operate on abstractions of systems. Recently, there has been significant in ..."
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Cited by 488 (33 self)
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Model checking has been widely successful in validating and debugging designs in the hardware and protocol domains. However, state-space explosion limits the applicability of model checking tools, so model checkers typically operate on abstractions of systems. Recently, there has been significant interest in applying model checking to software. For infinite-state systems like software, abstraction is even more critical. Techniques for abstracting software are a prerequisite to making software model checking a reality. We present the first algorithm to automatically construct a predicate abstraction of programs written in an industrial programming language such as C, and its implementation in a tool-- C2bp. The C2bp tool is part of the SLAM toolkit, which uses a combination of predicate abstraction, model checking, symbolic reasoning, and iterative refinement to statically check temporal safety properties of programs. Predicate abstraction of software has many applications, including detecting program errors, synthesizing program invariants, and improving the precision of program analyses through predicate sensitivity. We discuss our experience applying the C2bp predicate abstraction tool to a variety of problems, ranging from checking that list-manipulating code preserves heap invariants to finding errors in Windows NT device drivers.
The SLAM project: debugging system software via static analysis
- SIGPLAN Not
"... Abstract. The goal of the SLAM project is to check whether or not a program obeys "API usage rules " that specif[y what it means to be a good client of an API. The SLAM toolkit statically analyzes a C program to determine whether or not it violates given usage rules. The toolkit has two un ..."
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Cited by 471 (17 self)
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Abstract. The goal of the SLAM project is to check whether or not a program obeys "API usage rules " that specif[y what it means to be a good client of an API. The SLAM toolkit statically analyzes a C program to determine whether or not it violates given usage rules. The toolkit has two unique aspects: it does not require the programmer to annotate the source program (invariants are inferred); it minimizes noise (false error messages) through a process known as "counterexample-driven refinement". SLAM exploits and extends results fi'om program analysis, model checking and automated deduction.}V ~ have successfully applied the SLAM toolkit to Windows XP device drivers, to both validate behavior and find defects in their usage of kernel APIs. Context. Today, many programmers are realizing the benefits of using languages with static type systems. By providing
Automatically validating temporal safety properties of interfaces
, 2001
"... We present a process for validating temporal safety properties of software that uses a well-defined interface. The process requires only that the user state the property of interest. It then automatically creates abstractions of C code using iterative refinement, based on the given property. The pro ..."
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Cited by 434 (21 self)
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We present a process for validating temporal safety properties of software that uses a well-defined interface. The process requires only that the user state the property of interest. It then automatically creates abstractions of C code using iterative refinement, based on the given property. The process is realized in the SLAM toolkit, which consists of a model checker, predicate abstraction tool and predicate discovery tool. We have applied the SLAM toolkit to a number of Windows NT device drivers to validate critical safety properties such as correct locking behavior. We have found that the process converges on a set of predicates powerful enough to validate properties in just a few iterations. 1 Introduction Large-scale software has many components built by many programmers. Integration testing of these components is impossible or ineffective at best. Property checking of interface usage provides a way to partially validate such software. In this approach, an interface is augmented with a set of properties that all clients of the interface should respect. An automatic analysis of the client code then validates that it meets the properties, or provides examples of execution paths that violate the properties. The benefit of such an analysis is that errors can be caught early in the coding process. We are interested in checking that a program respects a set of temporal safety properties of the interfaces it uses. Safety properties are the class of properties that state that "something bad does not happen". An example is requiring that a lock is never released without first being acquired (see [24] for a formal definition). Given a program and a safety property, we wish to either validate that the code respects the property, or find an execution path that shows how the code violates the property.
A Static Analyzer for Large Safety-Critical Software
, 2003
"... We show that abstract interpretation-based static program analysis can be made e#cient and precise enough to formally verify a class of properties for a family of large programs with few or no false alarms. This is achieved by refinement of a general purpose static analyzer and later adaptation to p ..."
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Cited by 270 (54 self)
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We show that abstract interpretation-based static program analysis can be made e#cient and precise enough to formally verify a class of properties for a family of large programs with few or no false alarms. This is achieved by refinement of a general purpose static analyzer and later adaptation to particular programs of the family by the end-user through parametrization. This is applied to the proof of soundness of data manipulation operations at the machine level for periodic synchronous safety critical embedded software. The main novelties are the design principle of static analyzers by refinement and adaptation through parametrization, the symbolic manipulation of expressions to improve the precision of abstract transfer functions, ellipsoid, and decision tree abstract domains, all with sound handling of rounding errors in floating point computations, widening strategies (with thresholds, delayed) and the automatic determination of the parameters (parametrized packing).
Modular verification of software components in C
- IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON SOFTWARE ENGINEERING
, 2003
"... We present a new methodology for automatic verification of C programs against finite state machine specifications. Our approach is compositional, naturally enabling us to decompose the verification of large software systems into subproblems of manageable complexity. The decomposition reflects the mo ..."
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Cited by 233 (23 self)
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We present a new methodology for automatic verification of C programs against finite state machine specifications. Our approach is compositional, naturally enabling us to decompose the verification of large software systems into subproblems of manageable complexity. The decomposition reflects the modularity in the software design. We use weak simulation as the notion of conformance between the program and its specification. Following the abstractverify-refine paradigm, our tool MAGIC first extracts a finite model from C source code using predicate abstraction and theorem proving. Subsequently, simulation is checked via a reduction to Boolean satisfiability. MAGIC is able to interface with several publicly available theorem provers and SAT solvers. We report experimental results with procedures from the Linux kernel and the OpenSSL toolkit.
