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Mechanisms and roles of phagocytosis in Drosophila and Caenorhabditis elegans
- Inv. Surv. J
, 2006
"... Our understanding of the humoral immune response in both vertebrates and invertebrates has dramatically deepened in the past decade. In contrast, many of the mechanisms and roles of the cellular immune response remain to be elucidated. Phagocytosis is at the center of the cellular responses in both ..."
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Our understanding of the humoral immune response in both vertebrates and invertebrates has dramatically deepened in the past decade. In contrast, many of the mechanisms and roles of the cellular immune response remain to be elucidated. Phagocytosis is at the center of the cellular responses in both innate and adaptive immunity. Targets of phagocytosis are either invading microbes or altered self, that is, own cells that have become dispensable or harmful. The selective recognition and engulfment of target cells by phagocytes are achieved through the specific binding of receptors of phagocytes to ligands present on the surface of the target cells. However, these phagocytosis receptors and ligands are still being identified. The fundamental mechanism of phagocytosis appears to be the same in vertebrates and invertebrates, but whether or not genes are evolutionally conserved has yet to be determined.
Immunity in Caenorhabditis elegans: A Tale of Two Transcription Factors
, 2009
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Endogenous and Antiviral RNA Silencing Pathways in Arabidopsis
, 2007
"... RNA silencing pathways are required for a wide variety of processes in most eucaryotes. In plants, small-interfering RNA (siRNA) arising from transposons and other repetitive sequences is associated with heterochromatin formation and maintenance. MicroRNAs and trans-acting siRNAs encoded at discrete ..."
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RNA silencing pathways are required for a wide variety of processes in most eucaryotes. In plants, small-interfering RNA (siRNA) arising from transposons and other repetitive sequences is associated with heterochromatin formation and maintenance. MicroRNAs and trans-acting siRNAs encoded at discrete loci function as negative regulators of gene expression by triggering cleavage or translational repression of mRNA transcripts with base complementarity to the small RNA. siRNA processed from viral RNA directs antiviral silencing that represses virus accumulation in plants and other organisms. Together, these pathways serve numerous functions in plants including genome maintenance, developmental timing and patterning and antiviral defense. Virus-encoded RNA silencing suppressor proteins are viral pathogenicity factors and inhibit the antiviral silencing response through interaction with small RNA intermediates. In this work, small RNA duplex binding was demonstrated for unrelated suppressors from multiple viruses using molecular biology and biochemistry techniques. Sequestration of virus-derived siRNA and microRNA/microRNA * duplexes, inhibition of microRNA methylation, and perturbation of Arabidopsis development was demonstrated for several suppressors using
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"... Due to the increase of bacterial resistance, medicinal alternatives are being explored. Punica granatum L. is an effective herbal extract with broad spectrum of action and bactericidal, antifungal, anthelmintic potential and being able to modulate the immune response. The aim was to evaluate the an ..."
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Due to the increase of bacterial resistance, medicinal alternatives are being explored. Punica granatum L. is an effective herbal extract with broad spectrum of action and bactericidal, antifungal, anthelmintic potential and being able to modulate the immune response. The aim was to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of pomegranate glycolic extract (PGE) against the periodontal pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis by using Galleria mellonella as in vivo model. Fifteen larvae were used per group. Injection of high concentration (200, 100, and 25 mg/mL) of PGE showed a toxic effect, leading them to death. A suspension of P. gingivalis (10 6 cells/mL) was inoculated in the left last proleg and PGE (12.5, 6.25, 3.1, and 2.5 mg/mL) were injected into the right proleg. The larvae were then kept at 37 ∘ C under the dark. Injection of PGE at any dose statistically improved larvae survival rates. The data were analysed (log-rank test, Mantel-Cox, < 0.05) and showed that all concentrations of PGE (12.5, 6.25,
upon a Staphylococcus aureus infection
"... Background: The success of invertebrates throughout evolution is an excellent illustration of the efficiency of their defence strategies. Caenorhabditis elegans has proven to be an appropriate model for transcriptome studies of host-pathogen interactions. The aim of this paper is to complement this ..."
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Background: The success of invertebrates throughout evolution is an excellent illustration of the efficiency of their defence strategies. Caenorhabditis elegans has proven to be an appropriate model for transcriptome studies of host-pathogen interactions. The aim of this paper is to complement this knowledge by investigating the worm’s response to a Staphylococcus aureus infection through a 2-dimensional differential proteomics approach. Results: Different types of growth media in combination with either E. coli OP50 or Staphylococcus aureus were tested for an effect on the worm’s lifespan. LB agar was chosen and C. elegans samples were collected 1 h, 4 h, 8 h and 24 h post S. aureus infection or E. coli incubation. Proteomics analyses resulted in the identification of 130 spots corresponding to a total of 108 differentially expressed proteins. Conclusions: Exploring four time-points discloses a dynamic insight of the reaction against a gram-positive infection at the level of the whole organism. The remarkable upregulation after 8 h and 24 h of many enzymes involved in the citric acid cycle might illustrate the cost of fighting off an infection. Intriguing is the downregulation of chaperone molecules, which are presumed to serve a protective role. A comparison with a similar experiment in which C. elegans was infected with the gram-negative Aeromonas hydrophila reveals that merely 9 % of the identified spots, some of which even exhibiting an opposite regulation, are present in both
Review Article Recent Advances in the Use of Drosophila melanogaster as a Model to Study Immunopathogenesis of Medically Important
, 2011
"... Copyright © 2012 Georgios Hamilos et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Airborne opportunistic fungi, including Aspe ..."
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Copyright © 2012 Georgios Hamilos et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Airborne opportunistic fungi, including Aspergillus and other less common saprophytic molds, have recently emerged as important causes of mortality in immunocompromised individuals. Understanding the molecular mechanisms of host-fungal interplay in robust experimental pathosystems is becoming a research priority for development of novel therapeutics to combat these devastating infections. Over the past decade, invertebrate hosts with evolutionarily conserved innate immune signaling pathways andpowerfulgenetics,suchasDrosophila melanogaster, have been employed as a means to overcome logistic restrains associated with the use mammalian models of fungal infections. Recent studies in Drosophila models of filamentous fungi demonstrated that several genes implicated in fungal virulence in mammals also play a similarly important pathogenic role in fruit flies, and important host-related aspects in fungal pathogenesis are evolutionarily conserved. In view of recent advances in Drosophila genetics, fruit flies will become an invaluable surrogate model to study immunopathogenesis of fungal diseases. 1.
RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access
"... individuals have similar in vitro biofilm-forming ability and pathogenicity as invasive Candida isolates ..."
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individuals have similar in vitro biofilm-forming ability and pathogenicity as invasive Candida isolates
and stochastic gene loss
, 2006
"... The innate immune repertoire in Cnidaria- ancestral complexity ..."
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205Aguirre-Guzman G. et al./Thai J. Vet. Med. 39(3): 205-215. Review Articles Penaeid Shrimp Immune System
"... Research on an innate immune system of penaeid shrimp is greatly motivated by economical requirements, because their culture is limited by the development of infectious diseases. As invertebrates, shrimp’s natural immunity acts as a fast and efficient defence mechanism against the pathogens. Their i ..."
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Research on an innate immune system of penaeid shrimp is greatly motivated by economical requirements, because their culture is limited by the development of infectious diseases. As invertebrates, shrimp’s natural immunity acts as a fast and efficient defence mechanism against the pathogens. Their immune system involve hemocytes (for encapsulation, nodule formation and phagocytosis), several plasma components (antimicrobial peptides, histones, lysosomal enzymes, lipopolysaccharide, β-1,3-glucan binding proteins, and recognition molecules), and multimeric systems (clotting protein cascade, prophenoloxidase system). When these defense mechanisms fail to protect the shrimp against bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa and their products, disease develops and a negative impact takes place in the shrimp culture system. Studying the shrimp immune system is attractive for the advancement of a basic knowledge on invertebrate and vertebrate general immunity, because it offers various possible alternatives for disease management in shrimp aquaculture. The aim of this document is to present the general status of the shrimp defense system, to help in the development of strategies that favour the control and prevention of disease.
Drosophila as a Model for Analyzing of Human Genetic and Pathogenic Related Diseases
"... Copyright © 2014 ISSR Journals. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. ABSTRACT: The fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, has ..."
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Copyright © 2014 ISSR Journals. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. ABSTRACT: The fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, has been used to analyze genetics, development, and signaling for nearly a century. About 60 % of the genes that are believed to cause human disease have found to a recognizable match in the genetic code of the common fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster), and 50 % of Drosophila’s protein sequences are similar to those of mammals. Fruit flies are mostly used in disease analysis of human because their gene and protein similarities are included in an organism with only four pairs of chromosomes, the X/Y sex chromosomes and three autosomes, numbered 2, 3 and 4. The advantages of using Drosophila are that they breed and mature rapidly, are inexpensive and easy to grow, produce several hundred offspring per generation, and need very little space. The fruit fly is also an ideal candidate for human disease studies because simple mutations cause obvious phenotype differences and its genome map has been fully sequenced.
