Results 1 - 10
of
135
The neural basis of human error processing: Reinforcement learning, dopamine, and the error-related negativity
- PSYCHOLOGICAL REVIEW 109:679–709
, 2002
"... The authors present a unified account of 2 neural systems concerned with the development and expression of adaptive behaviors: a mesencephalic dopamine system for reinforcement learning and a “generic ” error-processing system associated with the anterior cingulate cortex. The existence of the error ..."
Abstract
-
Cited by 430 (20 self)
- Add to MetaCart
(Show Context)
The authors present a unified account of 2 neural systems concerned with the development and expression of adaptive behaviors: a mesencephalic dopamine system for reinforcement learning and a “generic ” error-processing system associated with the anterior cingulate cortex. The existence of the error-processing system has been inferred from the error-related negativity (ERN), a component of the event-related brain potential elicited when human participants commit errors in reaction-time tasks. The authors propose that the ERN is generated when a negative reinforcement learning signal is conveyed to the anterior cingulate cortex via the mesencephalic dopamine system and that this signal is used by the anterior cingulate cortex to modify performance on the task at hand. They provide support for this proposal using both computational modeling and psychophysiological experimentation. Human beings learn from the consequences of their actions. Thorndike (1911/1970) originally described this phenomenon with his law of effect, which made explicit the commonsense notion that actions that are followed by feelings of satisfaction are more likely to be generated again in the future, whereas actions that are followed by negative outcomes are less likely to reoccur. This
Anterior cingulate cortex dysfunction in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder revealed by fMRI and the Counting Stroop. Biol Psychiatry
"... Background: The anterior cingulate cognitive division (ACcd) plays a central role in attentional processing by: 1) modulating stimulus selection (i.e., focusing attention) and/or 2) mediating response selection. We hypothesized that ACcd dysfunction might therefore contribute to producing core featu ..."
Abstract
-
Cited by 95 (1 self)
- Add to MetaCart
(Show Context)
Background: The anterior cingulate cognitive division (ACcd) plays a central role in attentional processing by: 1) modulating stimulus selection (i.e., focusing attention) and/or 2) mediating response selection. We hypothesized that ACcd dysfunction might therefore contribute to producing core features of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), namely inattention and impulsivity. ADHD subjects have indeed shown performance deficits on the Color Stroop, an attentional/cognitive interference task known to recruit the ACcd. Recently, the Counting Stroop, a Stroop-variant specialized for functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), produced ACcd activation in healthy adults. In the present fMRI study, the Counting Stroop was used to examine the functional integrity of the ACcd in ADHD. Methods: Sixteen unmedicated adults from two groups (8 with ADHD and 8 matched control subjects) performed the Counting Stroop during fMRI. Results: While both groups showed an interference effect, the ADHD group, in contrast to control subjects, failed to activate the ACcd during the Counting Stroop. Direct comparisons showed ACcd activity was significantly higher in the control group. ADHD subjects did activate a frontostriatal-insular network, indicating ACcd hypoactivity was not caused by globally poor neuronal responsiveness. Conclusions: The data support a hypothesized dysfunction of the ACcd in ADHD. Biol Psychiatry 1999;45:
Interdimensional interference in the Stroop effect: Uncovering the cognitive and neural anatomy of attention.
- Trends in Cognitive Sciences,
, 2000
"... Attenti on is crucial to our successful interaction with our environment, serving as the gatekeeper for the rest of cognition. Yet we recognize that attending is not easy, and that opposing forces operate on it: attention is attracted to one thing but paid to another. These functions are referred t ..."
Abstract
-
Cited by 88 (3 self)
- Add to MetaCart
Attenti on is crucial to our successful interaction with our environment, serving as the gatekeeper for the rest of cognition. Yet we recognize that attending is not easy, and that opposing forces operate on it: attention is attracted to one thing but paid to another. These functions are referred to respectively as situations where attentional control is 'exogenous' (detection driven by the world) versus 'endogenous' (concentration driven by the observer) 1 . Thus, despite concentrating deeply on reading an important article, we nevertheless readily detect a knock at the office door. This opposition -between control by the world and control by the observer -has informed our understanding of attention since the earliest psychological research. In 1886, Cattell 2 described some processing situations as being automatic, running off essentially without attention, whereas others demanded attention. This eventually led in the 1970s to the distinction between 'automatic' and 'controlled' processing The critical balance of automaticity Given these opposing forces, it should come as little surprise that conflict situations arise. demonstrates, it is a compelling experience.
Human functional neuroimaging of brain changes associated with practice
- Cereb. Cortex
, 2005
"... The discovery that experience-driven changes in the human brain can occur from a neural to a cortical level throughout the lifespan has stimulated a proliferation of research into how neural function changes in response to experience, enabled by neuroimaging methods such as positron emission tomogra ..."
Abstract
-
Cited by 75 (2 self)
- Add to MetaCart
The discovery that experience-driven changes in the human brain can occur from a neural to a cortical level throughout the lifespan has stimulated a proliferation of research into how neural function changes in response to experience, enabled by neuroimaging methods such as positron emission tomography and functional magnetic resonance imaging. Studies attempt to characterize these changes by examining how practice on a task affects the functional anatomy underlying performance. Results are incongruous, includ-ing patterns of increases, decreases and functional reorganization of regional activations. Following an extensive review of the practice-effects literature, we distinguish a number of factors affecting the pattern of practice effects observed, including the effects of task domain, changes at the level of behavioural and cognitive processes, the time-window of imaging and practice, and of a number of other influences and miscellaneous confounding factors. We make a novel distinction between patterns of re-organization and redistribution as effects of task practice on brain activation, and emphasize the need for careful attention to practice-related changes occurring on the behavioural, cognitive and neural levels of analysis. Finally, we suggest that functional and effective connectivity analyses may make important contributions to our understanding of changes in functional anatomy occurring as a result of practice on tasks.
The emotional counting Stroop paradigm: A functional magnetic resonance imaging probe of the anterior cingulate affective division
- Biological Psychiatry
, 1998
"... functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) activation paradigm was designed to recruit the anterior cingulate affective division (ACad). Methods: Nine normal, healthy male and female subjects (mean age 24.2 years) reported via button press the number of neutral and negative words that appeared on ..."
Abstract
-
Cited by 52 (1 self)
- Add to MetaCart
(Show Context)
functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) activation paradigm was designed to recruit the anterior cingulate affective division (ACad). Methods: Nine normal, healthy male and female subjects (mean age 24.2 years) reported via button press the number of neutral and negative words that appeared on a screen while reaction time and fMRI data were acquired. Results: We observed a) greater ACad activation for negative versus neutral words during initial presentation blocks; b) lower overall ACad signal intensity during task performance (i.e., both negative and neutral words) com-pared to the baseline fixation condition; and c) no reac-tion time increase to negative versus neutral words. Conclusions: In a companion study of a cognitive version of the counting Stroop (Bush et al 1998), these same 9 subjects a) activated the more dorsal anterior cingulate cognitive division; b) also showed the overall decrease in ACad signal intensity; and c) demonstrated a reliable reaction time effect. Taken together, these data offer a within-group spatial dissociation of AC function based upon information content (i.e., cognitive vs. emotional) and/or presence of behavioral interference. We propose that the ecStroop will be a useful fMRI probe of ACad function in anxiety disorders. Biol Psychiatry 1998;44:
fMRI studies of Stroop tasks reveal unique roles of anterior and posterior brain systems in attentional selection.
- Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience,
, 2000
"... Abstract & The brain's attentional system identifies and selects information that is task-relevant while ignoring information that is task-irrelevant. In two experiments using functional magnetic resonance imaging, we examined the effects of varying task-relevant information compared to ta ..."
Abstract
-
Cited by 51 (12 self)
- Add to MetaCart
(Show Context)
Abstract & The brain's attentional system identifies and selects information that is task-relevant while ignoring information that is task-irrelevant. In two experiments using functional magnetic resonance imaging, we examined the effects of varying task-relevant information compared to task-irrelevant information. In the first experiment, we compared patterns of activation as attentional demands were increased for two Stroop tasks that differed in the task-relevant information, but not the task-irrelevant information: a color-word task and a spatial-word task. Distinct subdivisions of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and the precuneus became activated for each task, indicating differential sensitivity of these regions to taskrelevant information (e.g., spatial information vs. color). In the second experiment, we compared patterns of activation with increased attentional demands for two Stroop tasks that differed in task-irrelevant information, but not task-relevant information: a color-word task and color-object task. Little differentiation in activation for dorsolateral prefrontal and precuneus regions was observed, indicating a relative insensitivity of these regions to task-irrelevant information. However, we observed a differentiation in the pattern of activity for posterior regions. There were unique areas of activation in parietal regions for the color-word task and in occipitotemporal regions for the color-object task. No increase in activation was observed in regions responsible for processing the perceptual attribute of color. The results of this second experiment indicate that attentional selection in tasks such as the Stroop task, which contain multiple potential sources of relevant information (e.g., the word vs. its ink color), acts more by modulating the processing of task-irrelevant information than by modulating processing of task-relevant information. &
Differential engagement of anterior cingulate corte subdivisions for cognitive and emotional function.
- Psychophysiology
, 2007
"... Abstract Functional differentiation of dorsal (dACC) and rostral (rACC) anterior cingulate cortex for cognitive and emotional function has received considerable indirect support. Using fMRI, parallel tasks, and within-subject analysis, the present study directly tested the proposed specialization o ..."
Abstract
-
Cited by 43 (8 self)
- Add to MetaCart
Abstract Functional differentiation of dorsal (dACC) and rostral (rACC) anterior cingulate cortex for cognitive and emotional function has received considerable indirect support. Using fMRI, parallel tasks, and within-subject analysis, the present study directly tested the proposed specialization of ACC subdivisions. A Task  Region interaction confirmed more dACC activation during color-word distractors and more rACC activation during emotion-word distractors. Activity in ACC subdivisions differentially predicted behavioral performance. Connectivity with prefrontal and limbic regions also supported distinct dACC and rACC roles. Findings provide direct evidence for differential engagement of ACC subdivisions in cognitive and emotional processing and for differential functional connectivity in the implementation of cognitive control and emotion regulation. Results point to an anatomical and functional continuum rather than segregated operations.
Developing mechanisms of temperamental effortful control
- Journal of Personality
, 2003
"... ABSTRACT Studies of temperament from early childhood to adult-hood have demonstrated inverse relationships between negative affectiv-ity and effortful control. Effortful control is also positively related to the development of conscience and appears as a protective factor in the development of behav ..."
Abstract
-
Cited by 42 (1 self)
- Add to MetaCart
(Show Context)
ABSTRACT Studies of temperament from early childhood to adult-hood have demonstrated inverse relationships between negative affectiv-ity and effortful control. Effortful control is also positively related to the development of conscience and appears as a protective factor in the development of behavior disorders. In this study, the development of attentional mechanisms underlying effortful control was investigated in 2- to 3-year-old children, as indexed by their performance in a) making anticipatory eye movements to ambiguous locations and b) resolving conflict between location and identity in a spatial conflict task. The ability to make anticipatory eye movements to ambiguous locations within a sequence was clearly present at 24 months. By 30 months, children could also successfully perform a spatial conflict task that introduced conflict between identity and location, and at that age, children’s success on ambiguous anticipatory eye movements was related to lower interference from conflict in the spatial conflict task. Children’s performance on the eye-movement task was correlated with performance
Where and when the anterior cingulate cortex modulates attentional response: combined fMRI and ERP evidence
- J Cogn Neurosci
"... & Attentional control provides top–down inf luences that allow task-relevant stimuli and responses to be processed preferentially. The anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) plays an important role in attentional control, but the spatiotemporal dynamics underlying this process is poorly understood. We ..."
Abstract
-
Cited by 40 (3 self)
- Add to MetaCart
& Attentional control provides top–down inf luences that allow task-relevant stimuli and responses to be processed preferentially. The anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) plays an important role in attentional control, but the spatiotemporal dynamics underlying this process is poorly understood. We examined the activation and connectivity of the ACC using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) along with fMRI-constrained dipole modeling of event-related potentials (ERPs) obtained from subjects who performed auditory and visual oddball attention tasks. Although attention-related responses in the ACC were similar in the two modalities, effective connectivity analyses showed modality-specific effects with increased ACC influences on the Heschl and superior temporal gyri during auditory task and on the striate cortex during visual task. Dipole modeling of ERPs based on source locations determined from fMRI activations showed that the ACC was the major generator of N2b–P3a attention-related components in both modalities, and that primary sensory regions generated a small mismatch signal about 50 msec prior to feedback from the ACC and a large signal 60 msec after feedback from the ACC. Taken together, these results provide converging neuroimaging and electrophysiological evidence for top–down attentional modulation of sensory processing by the ACC. Our findings suggest a model of attentional control based on dynamic bottom–up and top–down interactions between the ACC and primary sensory regions. &
Neural correlates of evaluation associated with promotion and prevention regulatory focus
- Cogn. Affect. Behav. Neurosci
, 2005
"... prevention regulatory focus ..."
(Show Context)
