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228
The anatomy of the Grid: Enabling scalable virtual organizations.
- The International Journal of High Performance Computing Applications
, 2001
"... Abstract "Grid" computing has emerged as an important new field, distinguished from conventional distributed computing by its focus on large-scale resource sharing, innovative applications, and, in some cases, high-performance orientation. In this article, we define this new field. First, ..."
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Cited by 2673 (86 self)
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Abstract "Grid" computing has emerged as an important new field, distinguished from conventional distributed computing by its focus on large-scale resource sharing, innovative applications, and, in some cases, high-performance orientation. In this article, we define this new field. First, we review the "Grid problem," which we define as flexible, secure, coordinated resource sharing among dynamic collections of individuals, institutions, and resources-what we refer to as virtual organizations. In such settings, we encounter unique authentication, authorization, resource access, resource discovery, and other challenges. It is this class of problem that is addressed by Grid technologies. Next, we present an extensible and open Grid architecture, in which protocols, services, application programming interfaces, and software development kits are categorized according to their roles in enabling resource sharing. We describe requirements that we believe any such mechanisms must satisfy and we discuss the importance of defining a compact set of intergrid protocols to enable interoperability among different Grid systems. Finally, we discuss how Grid technologies relate to other contemporary technologies, including enterprise integration, application service provider, storage service provider, and peer-to-peer computing. We maintain that Grid concepts and technologies complement and have much to contribute to these other approaches.
The Network Weather Service: A Distributed Resource Performance Forecasting Service for Metacomputing
- Journal of Future Generation Computing Systems
, 1999
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Grid Information Services for Distributed Resource Sharing
, 2001
"... Grid technologies enable large-scale sharing of resources within formal or informal consortia of individuals and/or institutions: what are sometimes called virtual organizations. In these settings, the discovery, characterization, and monitoring of resources, services, and computations are challengi ..."
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Cited by 712 (52 self)
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Grid technologies enable large-scale sharing of resources within formal or informal consortia of individuals and/or institutions: what are sometimes called virtual organizations. In these settings, the discovery, characterization, and monitoring of resources, services, and computations are challenging problems due to the considerable diversity, large numbers, dynamic behavior, and geographical distribution of the entities in which a user might be interested. Consequently, information services are a vital part of any Grid software infrastructure, providing fundamental mechanisms for discovery and monitoring, and hence for planning and adapting application behavior. We present here an information services architecture that addresses performance, security, scalability, and robustness requirements. Our architecture defines simple low-level enquiry and registration protocols that make it easy to incorporate individual entities into various information structures, such as aggregate directories that support a variety of different query languages and discovery strategies. These protocols can also be combined with other Grid protocols to construct additional higher-level services and capabilities such as brokering, monitoring, fault detection, and troubleshooting. Our architecture has been implemented as MDS-2, which forms part of the Globus Grid toolkit and has been widely deployed and applied.
The Data Grid: Towards an Architecture for the Distributed Management and Analysis of Large Scientific Datasets
- JOURNAL OF NETWORK AND COMPUTER APPLICATIONS
, 1999
"... In an increasing number of scientific disciplines, large data collections are emerging as important community resources. In this paper, we introduce design principles for a data management architecture called the Data Grid. We describe two basic services that we believe are fundamental to the des ..."
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Cited by 471 (41 self)
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In an increasing number of scientific disciplines, large data collections are emerging as important community resources. In this paper, we introduce design principles for a data management architecture called the Data Grid. We describe two basic services that we believe are fundamental to the design of a data grid, namely, storage systems and metadata management. Next, we explain how these services can be used to develop higher-level services for replica management and replica selection. We conclude by describing our initial implementation of data grid functionality.
SPAND: Shared Passive Network Performance Discovery
- IN USENIX SYMPOSIUM ON INTERNET TECHNOLOGIES AND SYSTEMS
, 1997
"... In the Internet today, users and applications must often make decisions based on the performance they expect to receive from other Internet hosts. For example, users can often view many Web pages in low-bandwidth or high-bandwidth versions, while other pages present users with long lists of mirror s ..."
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Cited by 221 (8 self)
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In the Internet today, users and applications must often make decisions based on the performance they expect to receive from other Internet hosts. For example, users can often view many Web pages in low-bandwidth or high-bandwidth versions, while other pages present users with long lists of mirror sites to chose from. Current techniques to perform these decisions are often ad hoc or poorly designed. The most common solution used today is to require the user to manually make decisions based on their own experience and whatever information is provided by the application. Previous efforts to automate this decision-making process have relied on isolated, active network probes from a host. Unfortunately, this method of making measurements has several problems. Active probing introduces unnecessary network traffic that can quickly become a significant part of the total traffic handled by busy Web servers. Probing from a single host results in less accurate information and more redundant network probes than a system that shares information with nearby hosts. In this paper, we propose a system called SPAND (Shared Passive Network Performance Discovery) that determines network characteristics by making shared, passive measurements from a collection of hosts. In this paper, we show why using passive measurements from a collection of hosts has advantages over using active measurements from a single host. We also show that sharing measurements can significantly increase the accuracy and timeliness of predictions. In addition, we present a initial prototype design of SPAND, the current implementation status of our system, and initial performance results that show the potential benefits of SPAND.
Mapping Abstract Complex Workflows onto Grid Environments
"... In this paper we address the problem of automatically generating job workflows for the Grid. These workflows describe the execution of a complex application built from individual application components. In our work we have developed two workflow generators: the first (the Concrete Workflow Generator ..."
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Cited by 204 (18 self)
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In this paper we address the problem of automatically generating job workflows for the Grid. These workflows describe the execution of a complex application built from individual application components. In our work we have developed two workflow generators: the first (the Concrete Workflow Generator CWG) maps an abstract workflow defined in terms of application-level components to the set of available Grid resources. The second generator (Abstract and Concrete Workflow Generator, ACWG) takes a wider perspective and not only performs the abstract to concrete mapping but also enables the construction of the abstract workflow based on the available components. This system operates in the application domain and chooses application components based on the application metadata attributes. We describe our current ACWG based on AI planning technologies and outline how these technologies can play a crucial role in developing complex application workflows in Grid environments. Although our work is preliminary, CWG has already been used to map high energy physics applications onto the Grid. In one particular experiment, a set of production runs lasted 7 days and resulted in the generation of 167,500 events by 678 jobs. Additionally, ACWG was used to map gravitational physics workflows, with hundreds of nodes onto the available resources, resulting in 975 tasks, 1365 data transfers and 975 output files produced.
Decoupling Computation and Data Scheduling in Distributed Data-Intensive Applications
, 2002
"... In high energy physics, bioinformatics, and other disciplines, we encounter applications involving numerous, loosely coupled jobs that both access and generate large data sets. Socalled Data Grids seek to harness geographically distributed resources for such large-scale data-intensive problems. Yet ..."
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Cited by 190 (9 self)
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In high energy physics, bioinformatics, and other disciplines, we encounter applications involving numerous, loosely coupled jobs that both access and generate large data sets. Socalled Data Grids seek to harness geographically distributed resources for such large-scale data-intensive problems. Yet effective scheduling in such environments is challenging, due to a need to address a variety of metrics and constraints (e.g., resource utilization, response time, global and local allocation policies) while dealing with multiple, potentially independent sources of jobs and a large number of storage, compute, and network resources.
MagPIe: MPI’s Collective Communication Operations for Clustered Wide Area Systems
- Proc PPoPP'99
, 1999
"... Writing parallel applications for computational grids is a challenging task. To achieve good performance, algorithms designed for local area networks must be adapted to the differences in link speeds. An important class of algorithms are collective operations, such as broadcast and reduce. We have d ..."
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Cited by 172 (27 self)
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Writing parallel applications for computational grids is a challenging task. To achieve good performance, algorithms designed for local area networks must be adapted to the differences in link speeds. An important class of algorithms are collective operations, such as broadcast and reduce. We have developed MAGPIE, a library of collective communication operations optimized for wide area systems. MAGPIE's algorithms send the minimal amount of data over the slow wide area links, and only incur a single wide area latency. Using our system, existing MPI applications can be run unmodified on geographically distributed systems. On moderate cluster sizes, using a wide area latency of 10 milliseconds and a bandwidth of 1 MByte/s, MAGPIE executes operations up to 10 times faster than MPICH, a widely used MPI implementation; application kernels improve by up to a factor of 4. Due to the structure of our algorithms, MAGPIE's advantage increases for higher wide area latencies.
The GrADS project: Software support for high-level grid application development
- International Journal of High Performance Computing Applications
, 2001
"... Advances in networking technologies will soon make it possible to use the global information infrastructure in a qualitatively different way—as a computational resource as well as an information resource. This idea for an integrated computation and information resource called the Computational Power ..."
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Cited by 162 (24 self)
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Advances in networking technologies will soon make it possible to use the global information infrastructure in a qualitatively different way—as a computational resource as well as an information resource. This idea for an integrated computation and information resource called the Computational Power Grid has been described by the recent book entitled The Grid: Blueprint for a New Computing Infrastructure [18]. The Grid will connect the nation’s computers, databases, instruments, and people in a seamless web, supporting emerging computation-rich application concepts such as remote computing, distributed supercomputing, tele-immersion, smart instruments, and data mining. To realize this vision, significant scientific and technical obstacles must be overcome. Principal among these is usability. Because the Grid will be inherently more complex than existing computer systems, programs that execute on the Grid will reflect some of this complexity. Hence, making Grid resources useful and accessible to scientists and engineers will require new software tools that embody major advances in both the theory and practice of building Grid applications. The goal of the Grid Application Development Software (GrADS) Project is to simplify distributed heterogeneous computing in the same way that the World Wide Web simplified information sharing
The AppLeS Project: A Status Report
, 1997
"... Fast networks have made it possible to aggregate distributed CPU, memory, storage, and data to provide the potential for application performance superior to that attainable on any single system. However, achieving such performance on these metacomputing systems has proved to be difficult. Experience ..."
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Cited by 138 (9 self)
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Fast networks have made it possible to aggregate distributed CPU, memory, storage, and data to provide the potential for application performance superior to that attainable on any single system. However, achieving such performance on these metacomputing systems has proved to be difficult. Experience with the I-WAY [DFP + ss] and other metacomputing platforms demonstrates that effective application scheduling is critical to the achievement of performance for metacomputing applications. Currently, application developers develop customized application schedules to achieve performance on a metacomputer. Such application-centric schedules promote the performance of the application by evaluating system performance in terms of application resource requirements. To formalize and generalize the, as yet, ad hoc notion of application-centric scheduling emerging from the practices of metacomputing application developers [EMRP, SAR, GWP93], we are developing metacomputing scheduling agents calle...
