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182
Eye movements in reading and information processing: 20 years of research
- Psychological Bulletin
, 1998
"... Recent studies of eye movements in reading and other information processing tasks, such as music reading, typing, visual search, and scene perception, are reviewed. The major emphasis of the review is on reading as a specific example of cognitive processing. Basic topics discussed with respect to re ..."
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Cited by 917 (28 self)
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Recent studies of eye movements in reading and other information processing tasks, such as music reading, typing, visual search, and scene perception, are reviewed. The major emphasis of the review is on reading as a specific example of cognitive processing. Basic topics discussed with respect to reading are (a) the characteristics of eye movements, (b) the perceptual span, (c) integration of information across saccades, (d) eye movement control, and (e) individual differences (including dyslexia). Similar topics are discussed with respect to the other tasks examined. The basic theme of the review is that eye movement data reflect moment-to-moment cognitive processes in the various tasks examined. Theoretical and practical considerations concerning the use of eye movement data are also discussed. Many studies using eye movements to investigate cognitive processes have appeared over the past 20 years. In an earlier review, I (Rayner, 1978b) argued that since the mid-1970s we have been in a third era of eye movement research and that the success of research in the current era would depend on the ingenuity of researchers in designing interesting and informative
Linguistic Complexity: Locality of Syntactic Dependencies
- COGNITION
, 1998
"... This paper proposes a new theory of the relationship between the sentence processing mechanism and the available computational resources. This theory -- the Syntactic Prediction Locality Theory (SPLT) -- has two components: an integration cost component and a component for the memory cost associa ..."
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Cited by 504 (31 self)
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This paper proposes a new theory of the relationship between the sentence processing mechanism and the available computational resources. This theory -- the Syntactic Prediction Locality Theory (SPLT) -- has two components: an integration cost component and a component for the memory cost associated with keeping track of obligatory syntactic requirements. Memory cost is
Brain potentials elicited by gardenpath sentences: Evidence of the application of verb information during parsing
- Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and C 'ognition
, 1994
"... Event-related potentials were recorded from 13 scalp locations while participants read sentences containing a syntactic ambiguity. In Experiment 1, syntactically disambiguating words that were inconsistent with the "favored " syntactic analysis elicited a positive-going brain potential (P6 ..."
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Cited by 120 (16 self)
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Event-related potentials were recorded from 13 scalp locations while participants read sentences containing a syntactic ambiguity. In Experiment 1, syntactically disambiguating words that were inconsistent with the "favored " syntactic analysis elicited a positive-going brain potential (P600). Experiment 2 examined whether syntactic ambiguities are resolved by application of a phrase-structure-based minimal attachment principle or by word-specific subcategorization information. P600 amplitude was a function of subcategorization biases rather than syntactic complexity. These findings indicate that such biases exist and can influence the paper under certain conditions and that P600 amplitude is a function of the perceived syntactic well-formedness of the sentence. One set of fundamental questions about language compre-hension concerns the-psychological processes underlying the syntactic analysis of sentences. It is generally (although not universally) agreed that comprehenders rapidly assign syntac-tic structure in real time, that is, on a word-by-word basis
The developing constraints on parsing decisions: The role of lexical-biases and referential scenes in child and adult sentence processing
, 2004
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Eye movements in reading and information processing
- Psychological Bulletin
, 1978
"... Recent studies of eye movements in reading and other information processing tasks, such as music reading, typing, visual search, and scene perception, are reviewed. The major emphasis of the review is on reading as a specific example of cognitive processing. Basic topics discussed with respect to re ..."
Abstract
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Cited by 100 (7 self)
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Recent studies of eye movements in reading and other information processing tasks, such as music reading, typing, visual search, and scene perception, are reviewed. The major emphasis of the review is on reading as a specific example of cognitive processing. Basic topics discussed with respect to reading are (a) the characteristics of eye movements, (b) the perceptual span, (c) integration of information across saccades, (d) eye movement control, and (e) individual differences (including dyslexia). Similar topics are discussed with respect to the other tasks examined. The basic theme of the review is that eye movement data reflect moment-to-moment cognitive processes in the various tasks examined. Theoretical and practical considerations concerning the use of eye movement data are also discussed. Many studies using eye movements to investigate cognitive processes have appeared over the past 20 years. In an earlier review, I (Rayner, 1978b) argued that since the mid-1970s we have been in a third era of eye movement research and that the success of research in the current era would depend on the ingenuity of researchers in designing interesting and informative
Data from eye-tracking corpora as evidence for theories of syntactic processing complexity
- Cognition
, 2008
"... We evaluate the predictions of two theories of syntactic processing complexity, de-pendency locality theory (DLT) and surprisal, against the Dundee corpus, which contains the eye-tracking record of 10 participants reading 51,000 words of news-paper text. Our results show that DLT integration cost is ..."
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Cited by 85 (9 self)
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We evaluate the predictions of two theories of syntactic processing complexity, de-pendency locality theory (DLT) and surprisal, against the Dundee corpus, which contains the eye-tracking record of 10 participants reading 51,000 words of news-paper text. Our results show that DLT integration cost is not a significant predictor of reading times for arbitrary words in the corpus. However, DLT successfully pre-dicts reading times for nouns and verbs. We also find evidence for integration cost effects at auxiliaries, not predicted by DLT. For surprisal, we demonstrate that an unlexicalized formulation of surprisal can predict reading times for arbitrary words in the corpus. Comparing DLT integration cost and surprisal, we find that the two measures are uncorrelated, which suggests that a complete theory will need to in-corporate both aspects of processing complexity. We conclude that eye-tracking corpora, which provide reading time data for naturally occurring, contextualized sentences, can complement experimental evidence as a basis for theories of pro-cessing complexity.
Effect of ambiguity and lexical availability on syntactic and lexical production
- Cognitive Psychology
, 2000
"... Speakers only sometimes include the that in sentence complement structures like The coach knew (that) you missed practice. Six experiments tested the predictions concerning optional word mention of two general approaches to language produc-tion. One approach claims that language production processes ..."
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Cited by 83 (5 self)
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Speakers only sometimes include the that in sentence complement structures like The coach knew (that) you missed practice. Six experiments tested the predictions concerning optional word mention of two general approaches to language produc-tion. One approach claims that language production processes choose syntactic structures that ease the task of creating sentences, so that words are spoken opportu-nistically, as they are selected for production. The second approach claims that a syntactic structure is chosen that is easiest to comprehend, so that optional words like that are used to avoid temporarily ambiguous, difficult-to-comprehend sen-tences. In all experiments, speakers did not consistently include optional words to circumvent a temporary ambiguity, but they did omit optional words (the comple-mentizer that) when subsequent material was either repeated (within a sentence) or prompted with a recall cue. The results suggest that speakers choose syntactic struc-tures to permit early mention of available material and not to circumvent disruptive temporary ambiguities. ª 2000 Academic Press With each use of a linguistic expression, two acts are accomplished. First,
Thematic Roles Assigned Along the Garden-Path Linger
, 1993
"... In the literature dealing with the reanalysis of garden path sentences such as While the man hunted the deer ran into the woods, it is generally assumed that people either completely repair their initial incorrect syntactic representations yielding a final interpretation whose syntactic structure is ..."
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Cited by 65 (3 self)
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In the literature dealing with the reanalysis of garden path sentences such as While the man hunted the deer ran into the woods, it is generally assumed that people either completely repair their initial incorrect syntactic representations yielding a final interpretation whose syntactic structure is fully consistent with the input string, or that the parse fails. In a series of five experiments, we explored the possibility that partial reanalyses take place. Specifically, we examined the conditions under which part of the initial incorrect analysis persists at the same time that part of the correct final analysis is constructed. In Experiments 1a and 1b, we found that both the length of the ambiguous region and the plausibility of the ultimate interpretation affected the likelihood that such sentences would be fully reanalyzed. In Experiment 2, we compared garden path sentences with non-garden path sentences and compared performance on two different types of comprehension questions. In...
Distinguishing effects of structure and decay on attachment and repair: A cue-based parsing account of recovery from misanalyzed ambiguities
- JOURNAL OF MEMORY AND LANGUAGE 49 (2003) 285–316
, 2003
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