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What is self-specific? Theoretical investigation and critical review of neuroimaging results. (2009)

by D LeGrand, P Ruby
Venue:Psychological Review,
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A meta-analysis of functional neuroimaging studies of self- and other judgments reveals a spatial gradient for mentalizing in medial prefrontal cortex

by Bryan T. Denny, Hedy Kober, Tor D. Wager, Kevin N. Ochsner - Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience , 2012
"... ■ The distinction between processes used to perceive and un-derstand the self and others has received considerable attention in psychology and neuroscience. Brain findings highlight a role for various regions, in particular the medial PFC (mPFC), in sup-porting judgments about both the self and othe ..."
Abstract - Cited by 41 (4 self) - Add to MetaCart
■ The distinction between processes used to perceive and un-derstand the self and others has received considerable attention in psychology and neuroscience. Brain findings highlight a role for various regions, in particular the medial PFC (mPFC), in sup-porting judgments about both the self and others. We performed a meta-analysis of 107 neuroimaging studies of self- and other-related judgments using multilevel kernel density analysis [Kober, H., & Wager, T. D. Meta-analyses of neuroimaging data. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews, 1, 293–300, 2010]. We sought to de-termine what brain regions are reliably involved in each judgment type and, in particular, what the spatial and functional organiza-tion of mPFC is with respect to them. Relative to nonmentalizing judgments, both self- and other judgments were associated with activity in mPFC, ranging from ventral to dorsal extents, as well as common activation of the left TPJ and posterior cingulate. A direct comparison between self- and other judgments revealed that ventral mPFC as well as left ventrolateral PFC and left in-sula were more frequently activated by self-related judgments, whereas dorsal mPFC, in addition to bilateral TPJ and cuneus, was more frequently activated by other-related judgments. Logis-tic regression analyses revealed that ventral and dorsal mPFC lay at opposite ends of a functional gradient: The z coordinates re-ported in individual studies predicted whether the study involved self- or other-related judgments, which were associated with in-creasingly ventral or dorsal portions of mPFC, respectively. These results argue for a distributed rather than localizationist account of mPFC organization and support an emerging view on the func-tional heterogeneity of mPFC. ■
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...meta-analyses have likewise reported an important role for mPFC in mentalizing about self and others (Qin & Northoff, 2011; Van Overwalle, 2009, 2011; van der Meer, Costafreda, Aleman, & David, 2010; =-=Legrand & Ruby, 2009-=-; Van Overwalle & Baetens, 2009). In particular, a meta-analysis by van der Meer and colleagues provided evidence that vmPFC is associated with self-relevant cognition but that dmPFC is associated wit...

Making Sense by Making Sentient: Effectance Motivation Increases Anthropomorphism

by Adam Waytz, Carey K. Morewedge, Nicholas Epley, George Monteleone, Jia-hong Gao
"... People commonly anthropomorphize nonhuman agents, imbuing everything from computers to pets to gods with humanlike capacities and mental experiences. Although widely observed, the determinants of anthropomorphism are poorly understood and rarely investigated. We propose that people anthropomorphize, ..."
Abstract - Cited by 23 (6 self) - Add to MetaCart
People commonly anthropomorphize nonhuman agents, imbuing everything from computers to pets to gods with humanlike capacities and mental experiences. Although widely observed, the determinants of anthropomorphism are poorly understood and rarely investigated. We propose that people anthropomorphize, in part, to satisfy effectance motivation—the basic and chronic motivation to attain mastery of one’s environment. Five studies demonstrated that increasing effectance motivation by manipulating the perceived unpredictability of a nonhuman agent or by increasing the incentives for mastery increases anthropomorphism. Neuroimaging data demonstrated that the neural correlates of this process are similar to those engaged when mentalizing other humans. A final study demonstrated that anthropomorphizing a stimulus makes it appear more predictable and understandable, suggesting that anthropomorphism satisfies effectance motivation. Anthropomorphizing nonhuman agents seems to satisfy the basic motivation to make sense of an otherwise uncertain environment.
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...cally meaningful. Specifically, prior research that we address in our discussion has associated these anatomical regions with sociocognitive processes related to mentalizing (Buckner & Carroll, 2007; =-=Legrand & Ruby, 2009-=-; Schilbach, Eickhoff, Rotarska-Jagiela, Fink, & Vogeley, 2008; but see Smith et al., 2009, for an alternative view). Results Behavioral data. Anthropomorphism—operationalized as ratings of the extent...

Grounding emotion in situated conceptualization

by Christine D. Wilson-mendenhall , Lisa Feldman Barrett , W. Kyle Simmons, Lawrence W. Barsalou , 2011
"... ..."
Abstract - Cited by 13 (7 self) - Add to MetaCart
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Creativity and the brain: Uncovering the neural signature of conceptual expansion

by Anna Abraham , Karoline Pieritz , Kristin Thybusch , Barbara Rutter , Sören Kröger , Jan Schweckendiek , Rudolf Stark , Sabine Windmann , Christiane Hermann - Neuropsychologia , 2012
"... a b s t r a c t Neurophysiological studies of creativity thus far have not allowed for clear conclusions to be made regarding the specific neural underpinnings of such complex cognition due to overgeneralizations concerning the creativity construct, heterogeneity in the type of creativity tasks use ..."
Abstract - Cited by 8 (0 self) - Add to MetaCart
a b s t r a c t Neurophysiological studies of creativity thus far have not allowed for clear conclusions to be made regarding the specific neural underpinnings of such complex cognition due to overgeneralizations concerning the creativity construct, heterogeneity in the type of creativity tasks used, and the questionable efficacy of the employed comparison tasks. A novel experimental design was developed in the present fMRI study which rendered it possible to investigate a critical facet of creative cognition -that of conceptual expansion -as distinct from general divergent thinking, working memory, or cognitive load. Brain regions involved in the retention, retrieval and integration of conceptual knowledge such as the anterior inferior frontal gyrus, the temporal poles and the lateral frontopolar cortex were found to be selectively involved during conceptual expansion. The findings go against generic ideas that argue for the dominance of the right hemisphere during creative thinking and indicate the necessity to reconsider the functions of regions such as the anterior cingulate cortex to include more abstract facets of cognitive control. This study represents a new direction in the investigation of creativity in that it highlights the necessity to adopt a process based perspective in which the multifaceted nature of creativity can be truly grasped.
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...PC alongside regions such as the hippocampal formation, the amygdala, the posterior cingulate cortex (PCC: BA 30/31), the dorsal medial prefrontal cortex (dmPFC: BA 8/9), ventral medial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC: BA 10), the angular gyrus (BA 39) and the lateral temporal cortex (BA 20/21). The results confirmed the involvement of all these regions which is fitting given their well documented roles in declarative memory and semantic cognition, language processing, hypothetical thinking, and evaluative judgement (e.g., Abraham et al., 2008; Binder et al., 2009; Cappa, 2008; Fiebach et al., 2007; Legrand & Ruby, 2009). In contrast, comparing working memory to divergent thinking was expected to lead to activations in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC: BA 9/46/8), the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC: BA 24/8/6) and the superior parietal lobule (SPL: BA 40), regions known to be involved in cognitive control processes (e.g., Badre & Wagner, 2004; Botvinick, 2007; Olson & Berryhill, 2009). This hypothesis was partially confirmed as only the dlPFC and SPL were found to be more strongly activated. However, while the bilateral regions of the SPL were implicated, only the right dlPFC and ACC were found to be...

Is Our Self Nothing but Reward? Neuronal Overlap and Distinction between Reward and Personal Relevance and Its Relation to Human Personality

by Björn Enzi, Moritz De Greck, Ulrike Prösch, Claus Tempelmann, Georg Northoff
"... Background: The attribution of personal relevance, i.e. relating internal and external stimuli to establish a sense of belonging, is a common phenomenon in daily life. Although previous research demonstrated a relationship between reward and personal relevance, their exact neuronal relationship incl ..."
Abstract - Cited by 7 (0 self) - Add to MetaCart
Background: The attribution of personal relevance, i.e. relating internal and external stimuli to establish a sense of belonging, is a common phenomenon in daily life. Although previous research demonstrated a relationship between reward and personal relevance, their exact neuronal relationship including the impact of personality traits remains unclear. Methodology/Principal Findings: Using functional magnetic resonance imaging, we applied an experimental paradigm that allowed us to explore the neural response evoked by reward and the attribution of personal relevance separately. We observed different brain regions previously reported to be active during reward and personal relevance, including the bilateral caudate nucleus and the pregenual anterior cingulate cortex (PACC). Additional analysis revealed activations in the right and left insula specific for the attribution of personal relevance. Furthermore, our results demonstrate a negative correlation between signal changes in both the PACC and the left anterior insula during the attribution of low personal relevance and the personality dimension novelty seeking. Conclusion/Significance: While a set of subcortical and cortical regions including the PACC is commonly involved in reward and personal relevance, other regions like the bilateral anterior insula were recruited specifically during personal relevance. Based on our correlation between novelty seeking and signal changes in both regions during personal relevance, we
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...terior cingulate cortex (PACC), the dorsomedial prefrontal, the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex, the anterior insula, the amygdala and the ventral and dorsal striatum [6,10,11,13,17–19] (but see also =-=[20]-=- and [21] for a critical position). A recent study investigated the role of the anterior insula in self-reflection [5], another different aspect of the self. The anterior insula is involved in a varie...

Cerebral blood flow differences between long-term meditators and non-meditators,”

by Andrew B Newberg , Nancy Wintering , Mark R Waldman , Daniel Amen , Dharma S Khalsa , Abass Alavi - Consciousness and Cognition, , 2010
"... a b s t r a c t We have studied a number of long-term meditators in previous studies. The purpose of this study was to determine if there are differences in baseline brain function of experienced meditators compared to non-meditators. All subjects were recruited as part of an ongoing study of diffe ..."
Abstract - Cited by 7 (2 self) - Add to MetaCart
a b s t r a c t We have studied a number of long-term meditators in previous studies. The purpose of this study was to determine if there are differences in baseline brain function of experienced meditators compared to non-meditators. All subjects were recruited as part of an ongoing study of different meditation practices. We evaluated 12 advanced meditators and 14 nonmeditators with cerebral blood flow (CBF) SPECT imaging at rest. Images were analyzed with both region of interest and statistical parametric mapping. The CBF of long-term meditators was significantly higher (p < .05) compared to non-meditators in the prefrontal cortex, parietal cortex, thalamus, putamen, caudate, and midbrain. There was also a significant difference in the thalamic laterality with long-term meditators having greater asymmetry. The observed changes associated with long-term meditation appear in structures that underlie the attention network and also those that relate to emotion and autonomic function.
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...ous and spiritual concepts may result from specific patterns of brain activity and the results of this study are at least consistent with this possibility. The results from this study might also suggest that meditation-based practices affect beliefs and experiences through a fronto-parietal network since these structures have consistently been involved in both the acute practice of meditation and, now, in the long-term effects of such practices. In addition, the frontal lobes have been suggested as an important mediator in the sense of self and altered states of consciousness (Dietrich, 2003; Legrand & Ruby, 2009). Future studies will ideally evaluate larger numbers of subjects and also more specifically include measures of religiosity, spirituality, and other subjective beliefs. There are several important limitations to this study. One issue is that the subjects come from several different traditions which arguably might result in different brain changes. However, this should have made it more difficult to produce significant group findings. Thus, it is interesting that these practitioners from different traditions still had similar results when pooled together. This suggests that the practices emplo...

Contemplative practices and mental training: prospects for american education,”

by Richard J Davidson , John Dunne , Jacquelynne S Eccles , Adam Engle , Mark Greenberg , Patricia Jennings , Amishi Jha , Thupten Jinpa , Linda Lantieri , David Meyer , Robert W Roeser , David Vago - Child Development Perspectives, , 2012
"... ABSTRACT-This article draws on research in neuroscience, cognitive science, developmental psychology, and education, as well as scholarship from contemplative traditions concerning the cultivation of positive development, to highlight a set of mental skills and socioemotional dispositions that are ..."
Abstract - Cited by 7 (1 self) - Add to MetaCart
ABSTRACT-This article draws on research in neuroscience, cognitive science, developmental psychology, and education, as well as scholarship from contemplative traditions concerning the cultivation of positive development, to highlight a set of mental skills and socioemotional dispositions that are central to the aims of education in the 21st century. These include self-regulatory skills associated with emotion and attention, self-representations, and prosocial dispositions such as empathy and compassion. It should be possible to strengthen these positive qualities and dispositions through systematic contemplative practices, which induce plastic changes in brain function and structure, supporting prosocial behavior and academic success in young people. These putative beneficial consequences call for focused programmatic research to better characterize which forms and frequencies of practice are most effective for which types of children and adolescents. Results from such research may help refine training programs to maximize their effectiveness at different ages and to document the changes in neural function and structure that might be induced.

Self-referential and anxiety-relevant information processing in subclinical social anxiety: an fMRI

by Anna Abraham , Carolin Kaufmann , Ronny Redlich , Andrea Hermann , Rudolf Stark , Stephan Stevens , Christiane Hermann - Behav. Res. Ther , 2013
"... Abstract The fear of negative evaluation is one of the hallmark features of social anxiety. Behavioral evidence thus far largely supports cognitive models which postulate that information processing biases in the face of socially relevant information are a key factor underlying this widespread phob ..."
Abstract - Cited by 2 (1 self) - Add to MetaCart
Abstract The fear of negative evaluation is one of the hallmark features of social anxiety. Behavioral evidence thus far largely supports cognitive models which postulate that information processing biases in the face of socially relevant information are a key factor underlying this widespread phobia. So far only one neuroimaging study has explicitly focused on the fear of negative evaluation in social anxiety where the brain responses of social phobics were compared to healthy participants during the processing of self-referential relative to otherreferential criticism, praise or neutral information. Only selfreferential criticism led to stronger activations in emotionrelevant regions of the brain, such as the amygdala and medial prefrontal cortices (mPFC), in the social phobics. The objective of the current study was to determine whether these findings could be extended to subclinical social anxiety. In doing so, the specificity of this self-referential bias was also examined by including both social and non-social (physical illness-related) threat information as well as a highly health anxious control group in the experimental paradigm. The fMRI findings indicated that the processing of emotional stimuli was accompanied by activations in the amygdala and the ventral mPFC, while self-referential processing was associated with activity in regions such as the mPFC, posterior cingulate and temporal poles. Despite the validation of the paradigm, the results revealed that the previously reported behavioral and brain biases associated with social phobia could not be unequivocally extended to subclinical social anxiety. The divergence between the findings is explored in detail with reference to paradigm differences and conceptual issues.
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...utral stimuli and this effect was even more pronounced for self-referential versus other referential stimuli, which is in line with the findings of Blair et al. (2008). Moreover, the fMRI analyses across all participants revealed that selfreferential processing in contrast to other-referential processing was accompanied by activations in regions such as the ventral and dorsal medial prefrontal cortex, posterior cingulate cortex, inferior parietal lobule and temporal poles. These brain regions have been extensively implicated in self-referential thinking using a variety of different paradigms (Legrand and Ruby 2009; Lou et al. 2004; Northoff et al. 2006; Schmitz and Johnson 2007; Zysset et al. 2002). Finally, the processing of negative valence information (social and health) relative to neutral information was associated with activity in the ventral medial PFC and the amygdala which fits well with the bulk of previous literature on emotional information processing (Canteras et al. 2010; Etkin 2010; Lamm and Singer 2010; Morrison and Salzman 2010; Salzman and Fusi 2010; Shin and Liberzon 2010; Singer et al. 2009). Together these findings indicate a successful implementation of the experimental paradigm w...

Beyond I-you-me: An empirically supported formulation of the triadic self. The American Sociologist

by Louise Sundararajan , Chulmin Kim , 2011
"... Abstract This applied semiotics intends to show that the richness and complexity of Charles S. Peirce need not be lost through an empirical application to psycholinguistics, but instead enables the latter to make better informed hypothesis testing. It is proposed that Peircean semiotics can be used ..."
Abstract - Cited by 2 (0 self) - Add to MetaCart
Abstract This applied semiotics intends to show that the richness and complexity of Charles S. Peirce need not be lost through an empirical application to psycholinguistics, but instead enables the latter to make better informed hypothesis testing. It is proposed that Peircean semiotics can be used to ground a taxonomy of linguistic representations of the self in English, which is parsed not on the basis of semantics, but rather according to the triadic structure of the self as formulated by Peirce. This taxonomy was implemented by a language analysis computer program, SSWC (Sundararajan-Schubert Word Count), and applied to an analysis of language use in emotionally expressive writings. Results of two studies are reported to demonstrate the heuristic value of this applied approach to semiotics.
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...sentations On the basis of this proposed model of self representations, a taxonomy of linguistic expressions of the self can be derived. One assumption behind this taxonomy is that representations of the self are not confined to the first person pronoun “I” but extend to pronouns in general (it, they, he/she, and so on). This assumption is supported by neuroimaging results which showed that self-relatedness evaluation involves a wide cerebral network, such that a subjective perspective is not intrinsically self evaluative, but rather relates any represented object to the representing subject (Legrand and Ruby 2009). A taxonomy of self representations, along with a dozen or so categories of affective lexicon, is implemented by a language analysis program, SSWC (Sundararajan-Schubert Word Count), which parses categories of language use not on the basis of semantic content of words, but rather according to the triadic structure of the sign as formulated by Peirce. Skipping the categories of emotion lexicon, only the categories of self representations in SSWC are presented below. Am Soc (2011) 42:220–231 223 Lower Dimensional Representations of the Self In lower dimensional representations, the self is eith...

Plasticity in unimodal and multimodal brain areas reflects multisensory changes in self-face identification

by Ana Tajadura-jiménez, Marty Sereno, Olaf Blanke, Manos Tsakiris , 2013
"... M.A.J. Apps and A. Tajadura-Jiménez declare equal contribution. ..."
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M.A.J. Apps and A. Tajadura-Jiménez declare equal contribution.
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