this paper I put forward a new approach to understanding the origins of some of the key ingredients in a syntactic system. I show, using a computational model, that compositional syntax is an inevitable outcome of the dynamics of observationally learned communication systems. In a simulated population of individuals, language develops from a simple idiosyncratic vocabulary with little expressive power, to a compositional system with high expressivity, nouns and verbs, and word order expressing meaning distinctions.

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this paper is how can we go about explaining the observed constraints on variation across languages --- in other words, language universals.

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Explanations for the evolution of compositional and recursive

This paper explores ramifications of quasirational behavior in capital markets. Despite the academic literature asserting that financial markets are efficient and humans are rational agents, there is a widespread discontentment among practitioners and a growing body of researchers that neither of those premises is valid. The increasing amount of empirical evidence against perfectly efficient capital market processes has been examined in great depth. However, academic research is just beginning to explore the causes of that imperfect rationality. A diverse group of fields has taken a keen interest in how humans make decisions. The foundation of this paper uses methods drawn from such disparate disciplines as cognitive psychology and philosophy, biology, genetics, economics, computer science, and game theory. Human decision processes in making investment decisions have a fundamental impact on capital market processes. Thus, many of the previously unexplained phenomena of the capital mar...

The functional approach to typology often appeals to processing pressures in order to explain universals. This paper examines a case where the match between a processing asymmetry and a typological asymmetry is not one-to-one --- a case where the functional approach appears to fail. For a particular typology of relative clauses, the psycholinguistic literature suggests two asymmetries: accessibility and parallel function. Only the former shows up as an implicational universal. I argue that the innate language acquisition device imposes a constraint on the adaptability of language. This means that a language that had evolved through a process of linguistic selection to respond to parallel function could not in fact be acquired or represented. In this view all mismatches between processing and cross-linguistic asymmetries are the expected outcome of meta-constraints on cross-linguistic universals. The functional approach to language typology (see, e.g. Croft 1990) often highlights the...

Language arises from the interaction of three complex adaptive systems -- biological evolution, learning, and culture. We focus here on cultural evolution, and present a multi-agent Iterated Learning Model of the emergence of compositionality, a fundamental structural property of language. Our key results is to show that the poverty of the stimulus available to language learners leads to a pressure for linguistic structure. When there is a bottleneck on cultural transmission, only a language which is generalisable from sparse input data is stable. Language itself evolves on a cultural time-scale, and compositionality is language's adaptation to stimulus poverty.

CONTENTS Introduction......................................................................................................1 AS-VAT: Agentsheets with VisualAgenTalk..................................................5 Complex Adaptive Systems, Emergence, and Genetic Algorithms.................5 Complex Adaptive Systems (cas)............................................................5 Emergence................................................................................................6 Genetic Algorithms..................................................................................8 AGES (Agentsheets Genetic Evolutionary Simulations).................................9 Genetic Actions........................................................................................9 Genetic Conditions..................................................................................14 AGES Simulations ..........................................................................................17 G

Abstract- The field of Complex Adaptive Systems (CAS) is approximately 20 years old, having been established by physicists, economists, and others studying complexity at the Santa Fe Institute in New Mexico, USA. The field has spawned much work, such as Holland’s contributions of genetic algorithms, classifier systems, and his ecosystem simulator, which assisted in provoking the fields of evolutionary computation and artificial life. The framework of inducted principles derived from many natural and artificial examples of complex systems has assisted in the investigation in such diverse fields of study as psychology, anthropology, genetic evolution, ecology, and business management theory, although a unified theory of such complex systems still appears to be a long way off. This work reviews the principles of complex adaptive systems as a framework, providing a number of interpretations from eminent researches in the field. Many example works are cited, and the theory is used to phrase some ambiguus work in the field of artificial immune systems and artificial life. The methodology of using simulations of CAS as the starting point for models in the field of biological inspired computation is postulated as an important contribution of CAS to that field. Keywords- Complex Adaptive Systems, CSA, General Principles I.