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185
Contention scheduling and the control of routine activities
- Cognitive Neuropsychology
, 2000
"... The control of routine action is a complex process subject both to minor lapses in normals and to more severe breakdown followingcertain forms of neurological damage. A number of recent empirical studies (e.g. Humphreys & Ford, 1998; Schwartz et al., 1991, 1995, 1998) have examined the details o ..."
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Cited by 117 (11 self)
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The control of routine action is a complex process subject both to minor lapses in normals and to more severe breakdown followingcertain forms of neurological damage. A number of recent empirical studies (e.g. Humphreys & Ford, 1998; Schwartz et al., 1991, 1995, 1998) have examined the details of breakdown in certain classes of patient, and attempted to relate the findings to existing psychological theory. This paper complements those studies by presenting a computational model of the selection of routine actions based on competitive activation within a hierarchically organised network of action schemas (cf. Norman & Shallice, 1980, 1986). Simulations are reported which demonstrate that the model is capable of organised sequential action selection in a complex naturalistic domain. It is further demonstrated that, after lesioning, the model exhibits behaviour qualitatively equivalent to that observed by Schwartz et al., in their action disorganisation syndrome patients.
Cognitive architectures: Research issues and challenges
, 2002
"... In this paper, we examine the motivations for research on cognitive architectures and review some candidates that have been explored in the literature. After this, we consider the capabilities that a cognitive architecture should support, some properties that it should exhibit related to representat ..."
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Cited by 108 (13 self)
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In this paper, we examine the motivations for research on cognitive architectures and review some candidates that have been explored in the literature. After this, we consider the capabilities that a cognitive architecture should support, some properties that it should exhibit related to representation, organization, performance, and learning, and some criteria for evaluating such architectures at the systems level. In closing, we discuss some open issues that should drive future research in this important area. Key words: cognitive architectures, intelligent systems, cognitive processes 1
Temporal and kinematic properties of motor behavior reflected in mentally simulated action
- Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance
, 1994
"... Related perceptual, motor, and cognitive performances were examined to reveal the accuracy of the properties of action spontaneously represented when mentally simulating moving one's hand. The kinematic configuration of the body represented and transformed in mental simulations was not fixed or ..."
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Cited by 86 (1 self)
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Related perceptual, motor, and cognitive performances were examined to reveal the accuracy of the properties of action spontaneously represented when mentally simulating moving one's hand. The kinematic configuration of the body represented and transformed in mental simulations was not fixed or canonical but corresponded to one's current configuration. Mental simulation time mimicked movement time for natural efficient movement from a posture midway between each of the hand's joint limits into many other postures. Equal time was required for simulated and real movements into more common, comfortable postures; shorter but proportional time was required for simulated movement than real movement into less common postures that involved longer trajectories, coordinated activity at more joints, motion near extremes of joint limits, and uncomfortable kinesthetic sensations. The findings suggest that sensorimotor structures support mental simulations of actions. Humans can envision an object, scene, or event and then inspect the mental representation in a manner that mimics or reflects real perceptual-motor performance (e.g., Craik,
Computational aspects of motor control and motor learning
- Handbook of Perception and Action: Motor Skills
, 1996
"... 1 This chapter provides a basic introduction to various of the computational issues that arise in the study of motor control and motor learning. A broad set of topics is discussed, including feedback control, feedforward control, the problem of delay, observers, learning algorithms, motor learning, ..."
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Cited by 53 (3 self)
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1 This chapter provides a basic introduction to various of the computational issues that arise in the study of motor control and motor learning. A broad set of topics is discussed, including feedback control, feedforward control, the problem of delay, observers, learning algorithms, motor learning, and reference models. The goal of the chapter is to provide a unified discussion of these topics, emphasizing the complementary roles that they play in complex control systems. The choice of topics is motivated by their relevance to problems in motor control and motor learning; however, the chapter is not intended to be a review of specific models. Rather we emphasize basic theoretical issues with broad applicability. Many of the ideas described here are developed more fully in standard textbooks in modern systems theory, particularly textbooks on discrete-time systems (˚Aström & Wittenmark, 1984), adaptive signal processing (Widrow & Stearns, 1985), and adaptive control systems (Goodwin & Sin, 1984; ˚Aström & Wittenmark, 1989). These texts assume a substantial background in control
Toward an action-concept model of stimulus–response compatibility
- In B. Hommel & W. Prinz (Eds.), Theoretical issues in stimulus–response compatibility
, 1997
"... This chapter highlights the importance of the problem of action coding, that is, the cognitive representation of action, for theories of S-R compatibility. An action-concept model of S-R compatibility is presented, based on considerations of Lotze and HarleB on the emergence of voluntary action. It ..."
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Cited by 53 (26 self)
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This chapter highlights the importance of the problem of action coding, that is, the cognitive representation of action, for theories of S-R compatibility. An action-concept model of S-R compatibility is presented, based on considerations of Lotze and HarleB on the emergence of voluntary action. It assumes that the cognitive code of any perceivable, movement-contingent event--hence, action effectmis associated with the motor pattern producing it. Accordingly, the cognitive system can, and actually does, use these action-effect codes to choose between actions and to address motor patterns for action generation. That is, acton-effect codes serve for perception as well as for action control, and are thus called action concepts. The explanatory power of the action-concept model is demonstrated for a considerable number of findings from compatibility research. It is argued that such a model could close a theoretical gap in understanding S-R compatibility and the perception-action relationship in general. Introduction: The Problem of Action Coding
Action control according to TEC (theory of event coding)
, 2009
"... The theory of event coding (TEC) is a general framework explaining how perceived and produced events (stimuli and responses) are cognitively represented and how their representations interact to generate perception and action. This article discusses the implications of TEC for understanding the con ..."
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Cited by 52 (18 self)
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The theory of event coding (TEC) is a general framework explaining how perceived and produced events (stimuli and responses) are cognitively represented and how their representations interact to generate perception and action. This article discusses the implications of TEC for understanding the control of voluntary action and makes an attempt to apply, specify, and concretize the basic theoretical ideas in the light of the available research on action control. In particular, it is argued that the major control operations may take place long before a stimulus is encountered (the prepared-reflex principle), that stimulus-response translation may be more automatic than commonly thought, that action selection and execution are more interwoven than most approaches allow, and that the acquisition of action-contingent events (action effects) is likely to subserve both the selection and the evaluation of actions. Life inside and outside of psychological laboratories differs in many ways, which is particularly true with respect to action control. Outside the lab people seem to carry out actions to achieve particular goals and to adapt the environment according to their needs. Once they enter a lab, however, they are commonly talked into responding to arbitrary stimuli by carrying out meaningless movements. The latter is assumed to increase the amount of experimental control over the variables involved in performing an action, which of course is true and utterly important for disentangling all the confounds present in everyday actions. And yet, most models of action control seem to take this highly artificial
Automatic Writer Identification Using Connected-Component Contours And . . .
, 2004
"... In this paper, a new technique for off-line writer identification is presented, using connected-component contours (COCOCOs or CO³s) in upper-case handwritten samples. In our model, the writer is considered to be characterized by a stochastic pattern generator, producing a family of connected compon ..."
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Cited by 46 (9 self)
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In this paper, a new technique for off-line writer identification is presented, using connected-component contours (COCOCOs or CO³s) in upper-case handwritten samples. In our model, the writer is considered to be characterized by a stochastic pattern generator, producing a family of connected components for the upper-case character set. Using a codebook of CO³s from an independent training set of 100 writers, the probability-density function (PDF) of CO³s was computed for an independent test set containing 150 unseen writers. Results revealed a high-sensitivity of the CO³ PDF for identifying individual writers on the basis of a single sentence of upper-case characters. The proposed automatic approach bridges the gap between image-statistics approaches on one end and manually measured allograph features of individual characters on the other end. Combining the CO³ PDF with an independent edgebased orientation and curvature PDF yielded very high correct identification rates.
The Dynamics of Perception and Action
- Psychological Review
, 2006
"... How might one account for the organization in behavior without attributing it to an internal control structure? The present article develops a theoretical framework called behavioral dynamics that inte-grates an information-based approach to perception with a dynamical systems approach to action. Fo ..."
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Cited by 45 (2 self)
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How might one account for the organization in behavior without attributing it to an internal control structure? The present article develops a theoretical framework called behavioral dynamics that inte-grates an information-based approach to perception with a dynamical systems approach to action. For a given task, the agent and its environment are treated as a pair of dynamical systems that are coupled mechanically and informationally. Their interactions give rise to the behavioral dynamics, a vector field with attractors that correspond to stable task solutions, repellers that correspond to avoided states, and bifurcations that correspond to behavioral transitions. The framework is used to develop theories of several tasks in which a human agent interacts with the physical environment, including bouncing a ball on a racquet, balancing an object, braking a vehicle, and guiding locomotion. Stable, adaptive behavior emerges from the dynamics of the interaction between a structured environment and an agent with simple control laws, under physical and informational constraints.
Towards the Unification of Navigational Planning and Reactive Control
- In AAAI Spring Symposium on Robot Navigation
, 1989
"... The illusion that reactive and hierarchical planning methods are at odds with each other needs to be dropped. By exploiting each method's strengths, a synthesis of hierarchical and reactive paradigms can yield robust, flexible, and generalizable navigation. Psychological and neuroscientific stu ..."
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Cited by 43 (0 self)
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The illusion that reactive and hierarchical planning methods are at odds with each other needs to be dropped. By exploiting each method's strengths, a synthesis of hierarchical and reactive paradigms can yield robust, flexible, and generalizable navigation. Psychological and neuroscientific studies support this claim. 1. Introduction The integration of knowledge-based navigational path planning and reactive navigation requires the confrontation of many difficult problems. It can be seen that each of these methods addresses different subsets of the complexities inherent in intelligent navigation. It is our contention that neither navigational approach is entirely satisfactory when taken in isolation, but rather that both must be taken into account for the production of an intelligent, robust, and flexible system. Navigational path planning without consideration for the difficult issues of plan execution leads to restricted usage in very narrow problem domains and/or extremely brittle m...
The relationship between implicit and explicit learning: Evidence for parallel development
- Pychological Science
, 1999
"... Abstract—Much research has focused on the separability of implicit and explicit learning, but less has focused on how they might interact. A recent model suggests that in the motor-skill domain, explicit knowl-edge can guide movement, and the implicit system learns in parallel, based on these moveme ..."
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Cited by 42 (2 self)
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Abstract—Much research has focused on the separability of implicit and explicit learning, but less has focused on how they might interact. A recent model suggests that in the motor-skill domain, explicit knowl-edge can guide movement, and the implicit system learns in parallel, based on these movements. Functional imaging studies do not support that contention, however; they indicate that learning is exclusively implicit or explicit. In the experiment reported here, participants learned a motor sequencing task either implicitly or explicitly. At transfer, most of the stimuli were random, but the sequence occasion-ally appeared; thus, it was not obvious that explicit knowledge could be applied to the task. Nevertheless, participants with explicit training showed sequence knowledge equivalent to those with implicit training, implying that implicit knowledge had been acquired in parallel with explicit knowledge. This result has implications for the development of automaticity and of motor-skill learning.
