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A computational theory of executive cognitive processes and multiple-task performance: Part 1. Basic mechanisms (1997)

by D E Meyer, D E Kieras
Venue:Psychological Review
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The Architecture of Cognition

by John R. Anderson , 1983
"... Spanning seven orders of magnitude: a challenge for ..."
Abstract - Cited by 1580 (40 self) - Add to MetaCart
Spanning seven orders of magnitude: a challenge for
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...a decision that saved millions of dollars. A number of modeling systems have now arisen for predicting how the individual actions combine to achieve unit tasks. These include Meyer and Kieras’s EPIC (=-=Meyer & Kieras, 1997-=-a, b), the merge of Soar and Epic (Chong, 1999), and our own ACT-R/PM (Byrne & Anderson, in press). A critical issue in these systems is understanding how parallel threads of perceptual and motor proc...

An integrated theory of the mind

by John R. Anderson, Daniel Bothell, Michael D. Byrne, Scott Douglass, Christian Lebiere, Yulin Qin - PSYCHOLOGICAL REVIEW , 2004
"... There has been a proliferation of proposed mental modules in an attempt to account for different cognitive functions but so far there has been no successful account of their integration. ACT-R (Anderson & Lebiere, 1998) has evolved into a theory that consists of multiple modules but also explain ..."
Abstract - Cited by 767 (71 self) - Add to MetaCart
There has been a proliferation of proposed mental modules in an attempt to account for different cognitive functions but so far there has been no successful account of their integration. ACT-R (Anderson & Lebiere, 1998) has evolved into a theory that consists of multiple modules but also explains how they are integrated to produce coherent cognition. The perceptual-motor modules, the goal module, and the declarative memory module are presented as examples of specialized systems in ACT-R. These modules are associated with distinct cortical regions. These modules place chunks in buffers where they can be detected by a production system that responds to patterns of information in the buffers. At any point in time a single production rule is selected to respond to the current pattern. Subsymbolic processes serve to guide the selection of rules to fire as well as the internal operations of some modules. Much of learning involves tuning of these subsymbolic processes. Empirical examples are presented that illustrate the predictions of ACT-R’s modules. In addition, two models of complex tasks are described to illustrate how these modules result in strong predictions when they are brought together. One of these models is concerned with complex patterns of behavioral data in a dynamic task and the other is concerned with fMRI data obtained in a study of symbol manipulation.
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...grated conception of mind? The example above illustrates that one will notsunderstand human thought if one treats it as abstract from perception and action. As many havesstressed (e.g., Greeno, 1989; =-=Meyer & Kieras, 1997-=-), human cognition is embodied and it issimportant to understand the environment in which it occurs and people’s perceptual and motorsaccess to that environment.sApplications, particularly involving t...

An Overview of the EPIC Architecture for Cognition and Performance With Application to Human-Computer Interaction

by David E. Kieras, David E. Meyer , 1997
"... This article provides an overview of the EPIC architecture being developed by Kieras and Meyer for modeling human cognition and performance (Kieras, Wood, & Meyer, 1997; Meyer & Kieras, 1997a, 1997b). EPIC is similar in spirit to the Model Human Processor (MHP; Card, Moran, & Newell, 198 ..."
Abstract - Cited by 283 (23 self) - Add to MetaCart
This article provides an overview of the EPIC architecture being developed by Kieras and Meyer for modeling human cognition and performance (Kieras, Wood, & Meyer, 1997; Meyer & Kieras, 1997a, 1997b). EPIC is similar in spirit to the Model Human Processor (MHP; Card, Moran, & Newell, 1983), but EPIC incorporates many recent theoretical and empiri- cal results about human performance in the form of a software framework for computer simulation modeling. Using EPIC, a model can be con- structed that represents the general procedures required to perform a complex multimodal task a a set of production rules. When the model is supplied with the external stimuli for a specffic task, it will then execute the procedures in whatever way the task requires, thus simulating a human 's performing the task and generating the predicted actions in simulated real time. EPIC is an architecture for constructing models of 394 performance. It is notet a learning system and so has no mechanisms for learning how to perform a task. Rather, the purpose of EPIC is to repre- sent in detail the perceptual, motor, and cognitive constraints on the human ability to perform tasks

Executive Control of Cognitive Processes in Task Switching

by Joshua S. Rubinstein, David E. Meyer, Jeffrey E. Evans , 2001
"... ..."
Abstract - Cited by 195 (1 self) - Add to MetaCart
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Memory for goals: an activation-based model

by Erik M. Altmann , J. Gregory Trafton , 2002
"... Goal-directed cognition is often discussed in terms of specialized memory structures like the "goal stack." The goal-activation model presented here analyzes goal-directed cognition in terms of the general memory constructs of activation and associative priming. The model embodies three pr ..."
Abstract - Cited by 181 (37 self) - Add to MetaCart
Goal-directed cognition is often discussed in terms of specialized memory structures like the "goal stack." The goal-activation model presented here analyzes goal-directed cognition in terms of the general memory constructs of activation and associative priming. The model embodies three predictive constraints: (1) the interference level, which arises from residual memory for old goals; (1) the strengthening constraint, which makes predictions about time to encode a new goal; and (3) the priming constraint, which makes predictions about the role of cues in retrieving pending goals. These constraints are formulated algebraically and tested through simulation of latency and error data from the Tower of Hanoi, a means-ends puzzle that depends heavily on suspension and resumption of goals. Implications of the model for understanding intention superiority, postcompletion error, and effects of task interruption are discussed.

An Activation-Based Model of Sentence Processing as Skilled Memory Retrieval

by Richard L. Lewis , Shravan Vasishth , 2005
"... We present a detailed process theory of the moment-by-moment working-memory retrievals and associated control structure that subserve sentence comprehension. The theory is derived from the application of independently motivated principles of memory and cognitive skill to the specialized task of sent ..."
Abstract - Cited by 160 (35 self) - Add to MetaCart
We present a detailed process theory of the moment-by-moment working-memory retrievals and associated control structure that subserve sentence comprehension. The theory is derived from the application of independently motivated principles of memory and cognitive skill to the specialized task of sentence parsing. The resulting theory construes sentence processing as a series of skilled associative memory retrievals modulated by similarity-based interference and fluctuating activation. The cognitive principles are formalized in computational form in the Adaptive Control of Thought–Rational (ACT–R) architecture, and our process model is realized in ACT–R. We present the results of 6 sets of simulations: 5 simulation sets provide quantitative accounts of the effects of length and structural interference on both unambiguous and garden-path structures. A final simulation set provides a graded taxonomy of double center embeddings ranging from relatively easy to extremely difficult. The explanation of center-embedding difficulty is a novel one that derives from the model’s complete reliance on discriminating retrieval cues in the absence of an explicit representation of serial order information. All fits were obtained with only 1 free scaling parameter fixed across the simulations; all other parameters were ACT–R defaults. The modeling results support the hypothesis that fluctuating activation and similarity-based interference are the key factors shaping working memory in sentence processing. We contrast the theory and empirical predictions with several related accounts of sentence-processing complexity.

Task switching: A PDP model

by Sam J. Gilbert, Tim Shallice - Cognitive Psychology , 2002
"... When subjects switch between a pair of stimulus–response tasks, reaction time is slower on trial N if a different task was performed on trial N 2 1. We present a parallel distributed processing (PDP) model that simulates this effect when subjects switch between word reading and color naming in respo ..."
Abstract - Cited by 101 (4 self) - Add to MetaCart
When subjects switch between a pair of stimulus–response tasks, reaction time is slower on trial N if a different task was performed on trial N 2 1. We present a parallel distributed processing (PDP) model that simulates this effect when subjects switch between word reading and color naming in response to Stroop stimuli. Reac-tion time on ‘‘switch trials’ ’ can be slowed by an extended response selection process which results from (a) persisting, inappropriate states of activation and inhibition of task-controlling representations; and (b) associative learning, which allows stimuli to evoke tasks sets with which they have recently been associated (as proposed by Allport & Wylie, 2000). The model provides a good fit to a large body of empirical data, including findings which have been seen as problematic for this explanation of switch costs, and shows similar behavior when the parameters are set to random values, supporting Allport and Wylie’s proposal. ª 2001 Elsevier Science (USA) Key Words: task switching; task set; Stroop effect; parallel distributed processing; executive functions. Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968) proposed a distinction between relatively permanent cognitive structures, such as short- and long-term memory, and control processes which harness those fixed structures in order to attain spe-cific goals. This distinction was elaborated in the following years (e.g.,
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...dentlys36 GILBERT AND SHALLICE Meyer, Ballas, and Lauber (2000). Kieras et al. have implemented the extra process account proposed by Rubinstein et al. (2001), using the EPIC architecture (see, e.g., =-=Meyer & Kieras, 1997-=-, 1999). However, this model has so far only been used to simulate a small set of data, from an unpublished study by Lauber (1995), making direct comparison with our model difficult. Meiran (2000a) ha...

Threaded cognition: An integrated theory of concurrent multitasking

by Dario D. Salvucci, Niels A. Taatgen - Psychological Review , 2008
"... The authors propose the idea of threaded cognition, an integrated theory of concurrent multitasking—that is, performing 2 or more tasks at once. Threaded cognition posits that streams of thought can be represented as threads of processing coordinated by a serial procedural resource and executed acro ..."
Abstract - Cited by 100 (37 self) - Add to MetaCart
The authors propose the idea of threaded cognition, an integrated theory of concurrent multitasking—that is, performing 2 or more tasks at once. Threaded cognition posits that streams of thought can be represented as threads of processing coordinated by a serial procedural resource and executed across other available resources (e.g., perceptual and motor resources). The theory specifies a parsimonious mechanism that allows for concurrent execution, resource acquisition, and resolution of resource conflicts, without the need for specialized executive processes. By instantiating this mechanism as a computational model, threaded cognition provides explicit predictions of how multitasking behavior can result in interference, or lack thereof, for a given set of tasks. The authors illustrate the theory in model simulations of several representative domains ranging from simple laboratory tasks such as dual-choice tasks to complex real-world domains such as driving and driver distraction.
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...e in smaller scale laboratory tasks, modeling and accounting for various effects of, for example, stimulus or response modality and task difficulty in dual-choice tasks (e.g., Byrne & Anderson, 2001; =-=Meyer & Kieras, 1997-=-b; Taatgen, 2005). Another body of work has modeled multitasking behavior as it occurs in particular complex task domains—for example, models of fighter piloting (Jones et al., 1999), driving (Salvucc...

Human symbol manipulation within an integrated cognitive architecture

by John R. Anderson - Cognitive Science , 2005
"... This article describes the Adaptive Control of Thought–Rational (ACT–R) cognitive architecture (Anderson et al., 2004; Anderson & Lebiere, 1998) and its detailed application to the learning of algebraic symbol manipulation. The theory is applied to modeling the data from a study by Qin, Anderson ..."
Abstract - Cited by 99 (27 self) - Add to MetaCart
This article describes the Adaptive Control of Thought–Rational (ACT–R) cognitive architecture (Anderson et al., 2004; Anderson & Lebiere, 1998) and its detailed application to the learning of algebraic symbol manipulation. The theory is applied to modeling the data from a study by Qin, Anderson, Silk, Stenger, & Carter (2004) in which children learn to solve linear equations and perfect their skills over a 6-day period. Functional MRI data show that: (a) a motor region tracks the output of equation solutions, (b) a prefrontal region tracks the retrieval of declarative information, (c) a parietal region tracks the transformation of mental representations of the equation, (d) an anterior cingulate region tracks the setting of goal information to control the information flow, and (e) a caudate region tracks the firing of productions in the ACT–R model. The article concludes with an architectural comparison of the competence children display in this task and the competence that monkeys have shown in tasks that require manipulations of sequences of elements.
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...ent approximations that capture the major results documented in the literature. Indeed, much of ACT–R’s perceptual–motor system is a reimplementation of Executive-Process Interactive Control’s (EPIC; =-=Meyer & Kieras, 1997-=-) perceptual–motor system. Following EPIC’s lead we have found that we cannot understand central cognition unless we have reasonably accurate models of its interface with the external world. For a sub...

Goal-referenced selection of verbal action: Modeling attentional control in the Stroop task

by Ardi Roelofs, Max Planck - Psychological Review , 2003
"... This article presents a new account of the color-word Stroop phenomenon (J. R. Stroop, 1935) based on ..."
Abstract - Cited by 99 (27 self) - Add to MetaCart
This article presents a new account of the color-word Stroop phenomenon (J. R. Stroop, 1935) based on
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...ion that falls into the general class of “production rule system” models of cognition, which includes ACT (Anderson, 1983; Anderson & Lebiere, 1998), CAPS/READER (Just & Carpenter, 1992), EPIC (D. E. =-=Meyer & Kieras, 1997-=-), and Soar (Newell, 1990), among others. WEAVER is a so-called “hybrid” model in that it combines a symbolic declarative network and production rule system with activation spreading and activation-...

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