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A Taxonomy and Survey of Energy-Efficient Data Centers and Cloud Computing Systems
"... Traditionally, the development of computing systems has been focused on performance improvements driven by the demand of applications from consumer, scientific and business domains. However, the ever increasing energy consumption of computing systems has started to limit further performance growth d ..."
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Traditionally, the development of computing systems has been focused on performance improvements driven by the demand of applications from consumer, scientific and business domains. However, the ever increasing energy consumption of computing systems has started to limit further performance growth due to overwhelming electricity bills and carbon dioxide footprints. Therefore, the goal of the computer system design has been shifted to power and energy efficiency. To identify open challenges in the area and facilitate future advancements it is essential to synthesize and classify the research on power and energy-efficient design conducted to date. In this work we discuss causes and problems of high power / energy consumption, and present a taxonomy of energy-efficient design of computing systems covering the hardware, operating system, virtualization and data center levels. We survey various key works in the area and map them to our taxonomy to guide future design and development efforts. This chapter is concluded with a discussion of advancements identified in energy-efficient computing and our vision on future
The Cloud Adoption Toolkit: Supporting Cloud Adoption Decisions
- in the Enterprise,” In press, Software: Practice and Experience
, 2011
"... Cloud computing promises a radical shift in the provisioning of computing resource within the enterprise. This paper describes the challenges that decision makers face when assessing the feasibility of the adoption of cloud computing in their organisations, and describes our Cloud Adoption Toolkit, ..."
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Cited by 22 (1 self)
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Cloud computing promises a radical shift in the provisioning of computing resource within the enterprise. This paper describes the challenges that decision makers face when assessing the feasibility of the adoption of cloud computing in their organisations, and describes our Cloud Adoption Toolkit, which has been developed to support this process. The toolkit provides a framework to support decision makers in identifying their concerns, and matching these concerns to appropriate tools/techniques that can be used to address them. Cost Modeling is the most mature tool in the toolkit, and this paper shows its effectiveness by demonstrating how practitioners can use it to examine the costs of deploying their IT systems on the cloud. The Cost Modeling tool is evaluated using a case study of an organization that is considering the migration of some of its IT systems to the cloud. The case study shows that running systems on the cloud using a traditional „always on ‟ approach can be less cost effective, and the elastic nature of the cloud has to be used to reduce costs. Therefore, decision makers have to be able to model the variations in resource usage and their systems‟ deployment options to obtain accurate cost estimates.
Cost- and Deadline-Constrained Provisioning for Scientific Workflow Ensembles in IaaS Clouds
"... Abstract—Large-scale applications expressed as scientific workflows are often grouped into ensembles of inter-related workflows. In this paper, we address a new and important problem concerning the efficient management of such ensembles under budget and deadline constraints on Infrastructure- as-a-S ..."
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Abstract—Large-scale applications expressed as scientific workflows are often grouped into ensembles of inter-related workflows. In this paper, we address a new and important problem concerning the efficient management of such ensembles under budget and deadline constraints on Infrastructure- as-a-Service (IaaS) clouds. We discuss, develop, and assess algorithms based on static and dynamic strategies for both task scheduling and resource provisioning. We perform the evaluation via simulation using a set of scientific workflow ensembles with a broad range of budget and deadline parameters, taking into account uncertainties in task runtime estimations, provisioning delays, and failures. We find that the key factor determining the performance of an algorithm is its ability to decide which workflows in an ensemble to admit or reject for execution. Our results show that an admission procedure based on workflow structure and estimates of task runtimes can significantly improve the quality of solutions. I.
Sla-aware application deployment and resource allocation in clouds
- In 2011 IEEE 35th Annual Computer Software and Applications Conference Workshops (COMPSACW
, 2011
"... Abstract—Provisioning resources as a service in a scalable on-demand manner is a basic feature in Cloud computing technology. Service provisioning in Clouds is based on Service Level Agreements (SLAs) representing a contract signed be-tween the customer and the service provider stating the terms of ..."
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Cited by 15 (2 self)
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Abstract—Provisioning resources as a service in a scalable on-demand manner is a basic feature in Cloud computing technology. Service provisioning in Clouds is based on Service Level Agreements (SLAs) representing a contract signed be-tween the customer and the service provider stating the terms of the agreement including non-functional requirements of the service specified as Quality of Service (QoS), obligations, and penalties in case of agreement violations. On the one hand SLA violation should be prevented to avoid costly penalties and on the other hand providers have to efficiently utilize resources to minimize cost for the service provisioning. Thus, scheduling strategies considering multiple SLA parameters and efficient allocation of resources are necessary. Recent work considers various strategies with single SLA parameters. However, those approaches are limited to simple workflows and single task applications. Scheduling and deploying service requests considering multiple SLA parameters such as amount of CPU required, network bandwidth, memory and storage are still open research challenges. In this paper, we present a novel scheduling heuristic considering multiple SLA parameters for deploying applications in Clouds. We discuss in details the heuristic design and implementation and finally present detailed evaluations as a proof of concept emphasizing the performance of our approach.
Resource provisioning policies to increase IaaS provider’s profit in a federated Cloud environment
- in Proceedings of 13th IEEE International Conference on High Performance Computing and Communications (HPCC’11). Banff: IEEE
, 2011
"... Abstract—Cloud Federation is a recent paradigm that helps Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) providers to overcome resource limitation during spikes in demand for Virtual Machines (VMs) by outsourcing requests to other federation members. IaaS providers also have the option of terminating spot VMs, ..."
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Abstract—Cloud Federation is a recent paradigm that helps Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) providers to overcome resource limitation during spikes in demand for Virtual Machines (VMs) by outsourcing requests to other federation members. IaaS providers also have the option of terminating spot VMs, i.e, cheaper VMs that can be canceled to free resources for more profitable VM requests. By both approaches, providers can expect to reject less profitable requests. For IaaS providers, pricing and profit are two important factors, in addition to maintaining a high Quality of Service (QoS) and utilization of their resources to remain in the business. For this, a clear understanding of the usage pattern, types of requests, and infrastructure costs are necessary while making decisions to terminate spot VMs, outsourcing or contributing to the federation. In this paper, we propose policies that help in the decision-making process to increase resources utilization and profit. Simulation results indicate that the proposed policies enhance the profit, utilization, and QoS (smaller number of rejected VM requests) in a Cloud federation environment. I.
WorkflowSim: A Toolkit for Simulating Scientific Workflows in Distributed Environments
"... Abstract—Simulation is one of the most popular evaluation methods in scientific workflow studies. However, existing workflow simulators fail to provide a framework that takes into consideration heterogeneous system overheads and failures. They also lack the support for widely used workflow optimizat ..."
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Abstract—Simulation is one of the most popular evaluation methods in scientific workflow studies. However, existing workflow simulators fail to provide a framework that takes into consideration heterogeneous system overheads and failures. They also lack the support for widely used workflow optimization techniques such as task clustering. In this paper, we introduce WorkflowSim, which extends the existing CloudSim simulator by providing a higher layer of workflow management. We also indicate that to ignore system overheads and failures in simulating scientific workflows could cause significant inaccuracies in the predicted workflow runtime. To further validate its value in promoting other research work, we introduce two promising research areas for which WorkflowSim provides a unique and effective evaluation platform.
R.: Statistical modeling of spot instance prices in public cloud environments
- In: Proc. 4th IEEE International Conference on Utility and Cloud Computing (UCC 2011
"... Abstract—The surge in demand for utilizing public Cloud resources has introduced many trade-offs between price, per-formance and recently reliability. Amazon’s Spot Instances (SIs) create a competitive bidding option for the public Cloud users at lower prices without providing reliability on service ..."
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Abstract—The surge in demand for utilizing public Cloud resources has introduced many trade-offs between price, per-formance and recently reliability. Amazon’s Spot Instances (SIs) create a competitive bidding option for the public Cloud users at lower prices without providing reliability on services. It is generally believed that SIs reduce monetary cost to the Cloud users, however it appears from the literature that their characteristics have not been explored and reported. We believe that characterization of SIs is fundamental in the design of stochastic scheduling algorithms and fault tolerant mechanisms in public Cloud environments for spot market. In this paper, we have done a comprehensive analysis of SIs based on one year price history in four data centers of Amazon’s EC2. For this purpose, we have analyzed all different types of SIs in terms of spot price and the inter-price time (time between price changes) and determined the time dynamics for spot price in hour-in-day and day-of-week. Moreover, we have proposed a statistical model that fits well these two data series. The results reveal that we are able to model spot price dynamics as well as the inter-price time of each SI by the mixture of Gaussians distribution with three or four components. The proposed model is validated through extensive simulations, which demonstrate that our model exhibits a good degree of accuracy under realistic working conditions. Keywords-Cloud Computing; Spot Price; Statistical Model; I.
The Application of Cloud Computing
- in Education Informatization, Computer Science and Service System (CSSS
, 2011
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The Inter-cloud Meta-scheduling (ICMS) Framework
- In Proceedings of the 2013 IEEE 27th International Conference on Advanced Information Networking and Applications (AINA ’13). IEEE Computer Society
"... Abstract — This work covers the inter-cloud meta-scheduling system that encompasses the essential components of the interoperable cloud setting for wide service dissemination. The study herein illustrates a set of distributed and decentralized operations by highlighting meta-computing characteristic ..."
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Cited by 8 (6 self)
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Abstract — This work covers the inter-cloud meta-scheduling system that encompasses the essential components of the interoperable cloud setting for wide service dissemination. The study herein illustrates a set of distributed and decentralized operations by highlighting meta-computing characteristics. This is achieved by using meta-brokers that determine a middle-standing component for orchestrating the decision making process in order to select the most appropriate datacenter resource among collaborated clouds. The selection is based on heuristic performance criteria (e.g. the service execution time, latency, energy efficiency etc.). Our solution is more advanced when compared to conventional centralized schemes, as it offers robust real-time scalable, elastic and flexible service scheduling in a fully decentralized and dynamic manner. Similarly, issues related with bottleneck on multiple service requests, heterogeneity, information exposition and consideration of variation of workloads are of prime focus. In view of that, the whole process is based upon random service requests from users that are clients of a sub-cloud of an inter-cloud datacenter and access is done via a meta-broker. The inter-cloud facility distributes the request for service by enclosing each personalized service into a host virtual machine. The study presents a detailed discussion of the algorithmic model for demonstrating the whole service dissemination, allocation, execution and monitoring process along with the preliminary implementation and configuration on a proposed SimIC simulation framework.
Cloud federations in contrail
- In Euro-Par 2011: Parallel Processing Workshops
, 2011
"... Abstract. Cloud computing infrastructures support dynamical and flex-ible access to computational, network and storage resources. To date, sev-eral disjoint industrial and academic technologies provide infrastructure level access to Clouds. Especially for industrial platforms, the evolution of de-fa ..."
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Abstract. Cloud computing infrastructures support dynamical and flex-ible access to computational, network and storage resources. To date, sev-eral disjoint industrial and academic technologies provide infrastructure level access to Clouds. Especially for industrial platforms, the evolution of de-facto standards goes together with worries about user lock-in to a platform. The Contrail project [6] proposes a federated and integrated approach to Clouds. In this work we present and motivate the architec-ture of Contrail federations. Contrail’s goal is to minimize the burden on the user and increase the efficiency in using Cloud platforms by perform-ing both a vertical and a horizontal integration. To this end, Contrail federations play a key role, allowing users to exploit resources belonging to different cloud providers, regardless of the kind of technology of the providers and with a homogeneous, secure interface. Vertical integration is achieved by developing both the Infrastructure- and the Platform-as-a-Service levels within the project. A third key point is the adoption of a fully open-source approach toward technology and standards. Beside supporting user authentication and applications deployment, Contrail federations aim at providing extended SLA management functionalities, by integrating the SLA management approach of SLA@SOI project in the federation architecture. 1
