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Compassionate mind training for people with high shame and self-criticism: Overview and pilot study of a group of therapy approach
- Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy
, 2006
"... Compassionate mind training (CMT) was developed for people with high shame and self-criticism, whose problems tend to be chronic, and who find self-warmth and self-acceptance difficult and/or frightening. This paper offers a short overview of the role of shame and self-criticism in psychological dif ..."
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Compassionate mind training (CMT) was developed for people with high shame and self-criticism, whose problems tend to be chronic, and who find self-warmth and self-acceptance difficult and/or frightening. This paper offers a short overview of the role of shame and self-criticism in psychological difficulties, the importance of considering different types of affect system (activating versus soothing) and the theory and therapy process of CMT. The paper explores patient acceptability, understanding, abilities to utilize and practice compassion focused processes and the effectiveness of CMT from an uncontrolled trial. Six patients attending a cognitive–behavioural-based day centre for chronic difficulties completed 12 two-hour sessions in compassionate mind training. They were advised that this was part of a research programme to look at the process and effectiveness of CMT and to become active collaborators, advising the researchers on what was helpful and what was not. Results showed significant reductions in depression, anxiety, self-criticism, shame, inferiority and submissive behaviour. There was also a significant increase in the participants’ ability to be self-soothing and focus on feelings of warmth and reassurance for the self. Compassionate mind training may be a useful addition for some patients with chronic difficulties, especially those from traumatic backgrounds, who may lack a sense of inner warmth or abilities to be self-soothing. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Shame has recently been recognized as a major component of a range of mental health problems and proneness to aggression (Gilbert, 1997, 2003; Gilligan, 2003; Tangney & Dearing, 2002). People can even risk death and serious injury in order to avoid shame and ‘loss of face’. Not only can shame influence vulnerability to mental health problems
The meeting of meditative disciplines and Western psychology: a mutually enriching dialogue. Am Psychol
"... Meditation is now one of the most enduring, widespread, and researched of all psychotherapeutic methods. How-ever, to date the meeting of the meditative disciplines and Western psychology has been marred by significant misun-derstandings and by an assimilative integration in which much of the richne ..."
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Meditation is now one of the most enduring, widespread, and researched of all psychotherapeutic methods. How-ever, to date the meeting of the meditative disciplines and Western psychology has been marred by significant misun-derstandings and by an assimilative integration in which much of the richness and uniqueness of meditation and its psychologies and philosophies have been overlooked. Also overlooked have been their major implications for an un-derstanding of such central psychological issues as cogni-tion and attention, mental training and development, health and pathology, and psychological capacities and poten-tials. Investigating meditative traditions with greater cul-tural and conceptual sensitivity opens the possibility of a mutual enrichment of both the meditative traditions and Western psychology, with far-reaching benefits for both.
Tiebout/Tax-Competition Model
- Journal of Public Economics, August
"... delivery of the gax gene inhibits vessel stenosis in a rabbit ..."
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delivery of the gax gene inhibits vessel stenosis in a rabbit
Assessment Construction and Factorial Validation of a Short Form of the Self-Compassion Scale
"... The objective of the present study was to construct and validate a short-form version of the Self-Compassion Scale (SCS). Two Dutch samples were used to construct and cross-validate the factorial structure of a 12-item Self-Compassion Scale–Short Form (SCS–SF). The SCS-SF was then validated in a thi ..."
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The objective of the present study was to construct and validate a short-form version of the Self-Compassion Scale (SCS). Two Dutch samples were used to construct and cross-validate the factorial structure of a 12-item Self-Compassion Scale–Short Form (SCS–SF). The SCS-SF was then validated in a third, English sample. The SCS–SF demonstrated adequate internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha ≥ 0.86 in all samples) and a near-perfect correlation with the long form SCS (r ≥ 0.97 all samples). Confirmatory factor analysis on the SCS–SF supported the same six-factor structure as found in the long form, as well as a single higher-order factor of self-compassion. The SCS–SF thus represents a reliable and valid alternative to the long-form SCS, especially when looking at overall self-compassion scores. Copyright
Regulation of positive emotions: Emotion regulation strategies that promote resilience
- Journal of Happiness Studies
, 2007
"... ABSTRACT. The regulation of emotions is essential in everyday life. In this paper, we discuss the regulation of positive emotional experiences. Our discussion focuses on strategies aimed at maintaining and increasing experiences of positive emotions. We discuss the importance of these strategies fo ..."
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ABSTRACT. The regulation of emotions is essential in everyday life. In this paper, we discuss the regulation of positive emotional experiences. Our discussion focuses on strategies aimed at maintaining and increasing experiences of positive emotions. We discuss the importance of these strategies for wellbeing, and suggest that cultivating positive emotions may be particularly useful for building resilience to stressful events. Then, we explore possible mechanisms that link positive emotions to coping for resilient people, with a focus on the automatic activation of positive emotions while coping. We conclude by discussing alternative models and proposing future directions in the work on positive emotion regulation and resilience.
A pilot study and randomized controlled trial of the Mindful Self-compassion Program
- Journal of Clinical Psychology
, 2013
"... Objectives: The aim of these two studies was to evaluate the effectiveness of the Mindful Self-Compassion (MSC) program, an 8-week workshop designed to train people to be more selfcompassionate. Methods: Study 1 was a pilot study that examined change scores in selfcompassion, mindfulness, and variou ..."
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Objectives: The aim of these two studies was to evaluate the effectiveness of the Mindful Self-Compassion (MSC) program, an 8-week workshop designed to train people to be more selfcompassionate. Methods: Study 1 was a pilot study that examined change scores in selfcompassion, mindfulness, and various wellbeing outcomes among community adults (N = 21; mean [M] age = 51.26, 95 % female). Study 2 was a randomized controlled trial that compared a treatment group (N = 25; M age = 51.21; 78 % female) with a waitlist control group (N = 27; M age = 49.11; 82 % female). Results: Study 1 found significant pre/post gains in self-compassion, mindfulness, and various wellbeing outcomes. Study 2 found that compared with the control group, intervention participants reported significantly larger increases in self-compassion, mindfulness, and wellbeing. Gains were maintained at 6-month and 1-year follow-ups. Conclusions: The MSC program appears to be effective at enhancing self-compassion, mindfulness, and wellbeing. C ○ 2012 Wiley Periodicals,
Effects of mindfulness-based stress reduction on emotional experience and expression: a randomized controlled
, 2012
"... Objectives: Mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) has been found to reduce psychological distress and improve psychological adjustment in medical, psychiatric, and nonclinical samples. We examined its effects on several processes, attitudes, and behavior patterns related to emotion regulation. D ..."
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Cited by 14 (1 self)
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Objectives: Mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) has been found to reduce psychological distress and improve psychological adjustment in medical, psychiatric, and nonclinical samples. We examined its effects on several processes, attitudes, and behavior patterns related to emotion regulation. Design: Fifty-six adults were randomly assigned to MBSR or to a waiting list (WL). Results: Compared with WL completers (n 5 21), MBSR completers (n 5 20) reported significantly greater increases in trait mindfulness and decreases in absent-mindedness, greater increases in selfcompassion, and decreases in fear of emotions, suppression of anger, aggressive anger expression, worry, and difficulties regulating emotions. The WL group subsequently received MBSR, and the two groups combined showed significant changes on all of these variables from pre-MBSR to post-MBSR, and on all except the 2 anger variables from pre-test to 2-month follow-up, as well as significant reductions in rumination. Conclusion: An 8-week mindfulness training program might increase mindful awareness in daily life and have beneficial impact on clinically relevant emotion regulation processes.
Measuring the immeasurables: Development and initial validation of the Self-Other Four Immeasurables (SOFI) Scale based on the Buddhist teachings on loving kindness, compassion, joy, and equanimity
- Social Indicators Research
, 2009
"... Abstract Multiple measures exist that examine the attentional aspects of meditation practice, but measurement of the compassion component is relatively understudied. This paper describes the development and initial validation of a scale designed to measure application of the four immeasurable qualit ..."
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Abstract Multiple measures exist that examine the attentional aspects of meditation practice, but measurement of the compassion component is relatively understudied. This paper describes the development and initial validation of a scale designed to measure application of the four immeasurable qualities at the heart of Buddhist teachings: loving kindness, compassion, joy and acceptance toward both self and others. Our analyses suggest four distinct subscales: positive qualities toward self, positive qualities toward others, negative qualities toward self and negative qualities toward others. Initial examination of reliability and validity showed high internal consistency for the subscales as well as strong concurrent, discriminant, and construct validity. We believe the Self-Other Four Immeasurables (SOFI) scale has broad utility for research on mindfulness, positive psychology, and social psychology.
Self-Compassion: Conceptualizations, Correlates, & Interventions
"... Within American psychology, there has been a recent surge of interest in self-compassion, a construct from Buddhist thought. Self-compassion entails: (a) being kind and understanding toward oneself in times of pain or failure, (b) perceiving one’s own suffering as part of a larger human experience, ..."
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Within American psychology, there has been a recent surge of interest in self-compassion, a construct from Buddhist thought. Self-compassion entails: (a) being kind and understanding toward oneself in times of pain or failure, (b) perceiving one’s own suffering as part of a larger human experience, and (c) holding painful feelings and thoughts in mindful awareness. In this article we review findings from personality, social, and clinical psychology related to self-compassion. First, we define self-compassion and distinguish it from other self-constructs such as self-esteem, self-pity, and self-criticism. Next, we review empirical work on the correlates of self-compassion, demonstrating that self-compassion has consistently been found to be related to well-being. These findings support the call for interventions that can raise self-compassion. We then review the theory and empirical support behind current interventions that could enhance self-compassion including compassionate mind training (CMT), imagery work, the gestalt two-chair technique, mindfulness based stress reduction (MBSR), dialectical behavior therapy (DBT), and acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT). Directions for future research are also discussed.
Attachment and mental and physical health: self-compassion and mattering as mediators
- J Couns Psychol
"... Research shows a strong link between adult attachment and mental and physical health, but little is known about the mechanisms that underlie these relationships. The present study examined selfcompassion and mattering, two constructs from positive psychology literature, as potential mediators. Using ..."
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Research shows a strong link between adult attachment and mental and physical health, but little is known about the mechanisms that underlie these relationships. The present study examined selfcompassion and mattering, two constructs from positive psychology literature, as potential mediators. Using survey data from a sample of 208 college students, relationships among attachment, selfcompassion, mattering, and functional health were explored. Correlational analyses indicated that attachment anxiety and avoidance were strongly related to the mental health component of functional health. Mediation analyses indicated that mattering and self-compassion mediated the relationships between attachment orientation (i.e., levels of avoidance and anxiety) and mental health. These findings suggest that individuals ’ abilities to be kind toward themselves and their sense of belonging and being important to others are pathways through which attachment orientation relates to mental health.
