Energy Harvesting for Structural Health Monitoring Sensor Networks,”

"... Abstract—Wireless energy transfer based on magnetic resonant coupling is a promising technology to replenish energy to sensor nodes in a wireless sensor network (WSN). However, charging sensor node one at a time poses a serious scalability problem. Recent advances in magnetic resonant coupling shows ..."

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Abstract—Wireless energy transfer based on magnetic resonant coupling is a promising technology to replenish energy to sensor nodes in a wireless sensor network (WSN). However, charging sensor node one at a time poses a serious scalability problem. Recent advances in magnetic resonant coupling shows that multiple nodes can be charged at the same time. In this paper, we exploit this multi-node wireless energy transfer technology to address energy issue in a WSN. We consider a wireless charging vehicle (WCV) periodically traveling inside a WSN and charging sensor nodes wirelessly. We propose a cellular structure that partitions the two-dimensional plane into adjacent hexagonal cells. The WCV visits these cells and charge sensor nodes from the center of a cell. We pursue a formal optimization framework by jointly optimizing traveling path, flow routing and charging time. By employing discretization and a novel Reformulation-Linearization Technique (RLT), we develop a provably near-optimal solution for any desired level of accuracy. I.

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Making sensor networks immortal: An energy-renewal approach with wireless power transfer

by Liguang Xie, Student Member, Yi Shi, Y. Thomas Hou, Senior Member, Hanif D. Sherali - IEEE/ACM Trans. on Networking , 2012

"... Abstract—Wireless sensor networks are constrained by limited battery energy. Thus, finite network lifetime is widely regarded as a fundamental performance bottleneck. Recent breakthrough in the area of wireless power transfer offers the potential of removing this performance bottleneck, i.e., allowi ..."

Abstract - Cited by 16 (4 self) - Add to MetaCart

Abstract—Wireless sensor networks are constrained by limited battery energy. Thus, finite network lifetime is widely regarded as a fundamental performance bottleneck. Recent breakthrough in the area of wireless power transfer offers the potential of removing this performance bottleneck, i.e., allowing a sensor network to re-main operational forever. In this paper, we investigate the opera-tion of a sensor network under this new enabling energy transfer technology. We consider the scenario of a mobile charging vehicle periodically traveling inside the sensor network and charging each sensor node’s battery wirelessly. We introduce the concept of re-newable energy cycle and offer both necessary and sufficient con-ditions. We study an optimization problem, with the objective of maximizing the ratio of the wireless charging vehicle (WCV)’s va-cation time over the cycle time. For this problem, we prove that the optimal traveling path for theWCV is the shortest Hamiltonian cycle and provide a number of important properties. Subsequently, we develop a near-optimal solution by a piecewise linear approxi-mation technique and prove its performance guarantee. Index Terms—Lifetime, optimization, wireless power transfer, wireless sensor network (WSN). I.

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Opportunistic routing in wireless sensor networks powered by ambient energy harvesting

by Zhi Ang Eu, Hwee-pink Tan B, Winston K. G. Seah C - Computer Networks

"... Energy consumption is an important issue in the design of wireless sensor networks (WSNs) which typically rely on portable energy sources like batteries for power. Recent advances in ambient energy harvesting technologies have made it possible for sensor nodes to be powered by ambient energy entirel ..."

Abstract - Cited by 13 (5 self) - Add to MetaCart

Energy consumption is an important issue in the design of wireless sensor networks (WSNs) which typically rely on portable energy sources like batteries for power. Recent advances in ambient energy harvesting technologies have made it possible for sensor nodes to be powered by ambient energy entirely without the use of batteries. However, since the energy harvesting process is stochastic, exact sleep-and-wakeup schedules cannot be determined in WSNs Powered solely using Ambient Energy H arvesters (WSN-HEAP). Therefore, many existing WSN routing protocols cannot be used in WSN-HEAP. In this paper, we design an opportunistic routing protocol (EHOR) for multi-hop WSN-HEAP. Unlike traditional opportunistic routing protocols like ExOR or MORE, EHOR takes into account energy constraints because nodes have to shut down to recharge once their energy is depleted. Furthermore, since the rate of charging is dependent on environmental factors, the exact identities of nodes that are awake cannot be determined in advance. Therefore, choosing an optimal forwarder is another challenge in EHOR. We use a regioning approach to achieve this goal. Using extensive simulations incorporating experimental results from the characterization ∗ corresponding author, telephone number: +65-64082319

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BAND-AiDe: A Tool for Cyber-Physical Oriented Analysis and Design of Body Area Networks and Devices

by Ayan Banerjee, Sailesh Kandula, Tridib Mukherjee, Sandeep K, S. Gupta

"... Body Area Networks (BANs) are networks of medical devices implanted within or worn on the human body. Analysis and verification of BAN designs require: i) early feedback on the BAN design; and ii) high-confidence evaluation of BANs without requiring any hazardous, intrusive, and costly deployment. A ..."

Abstract - Cited by 13 (7 self) - Add to MetaCart

Body Area Networks (BANs) are networks of medical devices implanted within or worn on the human body. Analysis and verification of BAN designs require: i) early feedback on the BAN design; and ii) high-confidence evaluation of BANs without requiring any hazardous, intrusive, and costly deployment. Any design of BAN further has to ensure: i) the safety of the human body, i.e. limiting any undesirable side-effects (e.g. heat dissipation) of BAN operations (involving sensing, computation, and communication among the devices) on the human body; and ii) the sustainability of the BAN operations, i.e. the continuation of the operations under constrained resources (e.g. limited battery power in the devices) without requiring any re-deployments. This paper uses the Model Based Engineering (MBE) approach to perform design and analysis of BANs. In this regard, first, an abstract cyber-physical model of BANs, called BAN-CPS, is proposed that captures the undesirable side-effects of the medical devices (cyber) on the human body (physical); second, a design and analysis tool, named BAND-AiDe, is developed that allows specification of BAN-CPS using industry standard Abstract Architecture Description Language (AADL) and enables safety and sustainability analysis of BANs; and third, the applicability of BAND-AiDe is shown through a case study using both single and network of medical devices for health monitoring applications.

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A study of MAC schemes for wireless sensor networks powered by ambient energy harvesting

by Zhi Ang Eu, Winston K. G. Seah, Hwee-pink Tan - in: Fourth International Wireless Internet Conference (WICON , 2008

"... Energy consumption is a perennial issue in the design of wireless sensor networks which typically rely on portable sources like batteries for power. Recent advances in ambient energy harvesting technology have made it a potential alternative source of energy for powering wireless sensor networks. In ..."

Abstract - Cited by 10 (2 self) - Add to MetaCart

Energy consumption is a perennial issue in the design of wireless sensor networks which typically rely on portable sources like batteries for power. Recent advances in ambient energy harvesting technology have made it a potential alternative source of energy for powering wireless sensor networks. In this paper, we study the performance of four different medium access control (MAC) protocols based on CSMA and polling techniques for wireless sensor networks which are powered by ambient energy harvesting. First, we define our model for describing the ambient energy harvesting process. Next, we derive the main performance metrics which are the per-node throughput of each sensor node (R) and the network throughput (S) which is the rate of sensor data received by the sink. We validate the analytical models using simulations, and the results show that neither CSMA-based nor polling protocols always gives the best performance results. These results aim to provide insights to the design of algorithms and protocols for wireless sensor networks that rely on ambient energy harvesting for power which is different from the typical assumption of limited power as in the case of batteries.

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Routing and Relay Node Placement in Wireless Sensor Networks Powered by Ambient Energy Harvesting

by Zhi Ang Eu, Hwee-pink Tan, Winston K. G. Seah

"... Abstract- Energy consumption is an important issue in the design of wireless sensor networks which typically rely on nonrenewable energy sources like batteries for power. Recent advances in ambient energy harvesting technologies have made it a viable alternative source of energy for powering wireles ..."

Abstract - Cited by 9 (2 self) - Add to MetaCart

Abstract- Energy consumption is an important issue in the design of wireless sensor networks which typically rely on nonrenewable energy sources like batteries for power. Recent advances in ambient energy harvesting technologies have made it a viable alternative source of energy for powering wireless sensor networks perpetually. In this paper, we optimize network performance by finding the optimal routing algorithm and relay node placement scheme for wireless sensor networks powered by ambient energy harvesting. We evaluate the performance of three different variants of geographic routing algorithms and consider two relay node placement schemes, viz. uniform string topology and a cluster string topology. The performance metrics are network throughput (T), goodput (G), source sending rate (SR), efficiency (η), data delivery ratio (DR) and hop count (H). Simulation results obtained using the Qualnet simulator show that there is an optimal combination of routing algorithm and relay node placement scheme that maximizes the required performance metric. These results aim to provide insights into the impact of routing algorithms and relay node placement schemes on wireless sensor networks that rely solely on ambient energy harvesting for power.

Ensuring Safety, Security and Sustainability of Mission-Critical Cyber Physical Systems

by Ayan Banerjee, Krishna K. Venkatasubramanian , Tridib Mukherjee , et al. , 2011

"... Cyber-physical systems (CPSes) couple their cyber and physical parts to provide mission-critical services, including automated pervasive health care, smart electricity grid, green cloud computing, and surveillance with unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). CPSes can use the information available from th ..."

Abstract - Cited by 7 (1 self) - Add to MetaCart

Cyber-physical systems (CPSes) couple their cyber and physical parts to provide mission-critical services, including automated pervasive health care, smart electricity grid, green cloud computing, and surveillance with unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). CPSes can use the information available from the physical environment to provide such ubiquitous, energy efficient and low cost functionalities. Their operation needs to ensure three key properties, collectively referred to as S3: i) safety: avoidance of hazards, ii) security: assurance of integrity, authenticity and confidentiality of information, and iii) sustainability: maintenance of long term operation of CPSes using green sources of energy. Ensuring S3 properties in a CPS is a challenging task given the spatio-temporal dynamics of the underlying physical environment. In this paper, the formal underpinnings of recent CPS S3 solutions are aligned together in a theoretical framework for cyber-physical interactions, empowering CPS researchers to systematically design solutions for ensuring safety, security, or sustainability. The general applicability of this framework is demonstrated with various exemplar solutions for S3 in diverse CPS domains. Further, insights are provided on some of the open research problems for ensuring S3 in CPSes.

Solar Energy Harvesting and Software Enhancements for Autonomous Wireless Smart Sensor Networks

by Timothy I. Miller, Billie F. Spencer, Jian Li, Hongki Jo , 2010

"... of excellence in research and education that has contributed greatly to the state-of-the-art in civil engineering. Completed in 1967 and extended in 1971, the structural testing area of the laboratory has a versatile strong-floor/wall and a three-story clear height that can be used to carry out a wi ..."

Abstract - Cited by 7 (3 self) - Add to MetaCart

of excellence in research and education that has contributed greatly to the state-of-the-art in civil engineering. Completed in 1967 and extended in 1971, the structural testing area of the laboratory has a versatile strong-floor/wall and a three-story clear height that can be used to carry out a wide range of tests of building materials, models, and structural systems. The laboratory is named for Dr. Nathan M. Newmark, an internationally known educator and engineer, who was the Head of the Department of Civil Engineering at the University of Illinois [1956-73] and the Chair of the Digital Computing Laboratory [1947-57]. He developed simple, yet powerful and widely used, methods for analyzing complex structures and assemblages subjected to a variety of static, dynamic, blast, and earthquake loadings. Dr. Newmark received numerous honors and awards for his achievements, including the prestigious National Medal of Science awarded in 1968 by President Lyndon B. Johnson. He was also one of the founding members of the National Academy of Engineering. Contact: Prof. B.F. Spencer, Jr.

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Energy Harvesting for Structural Health Monitoring Sensor Networks,” (2007)

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