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Rethinking individualism and collectivism: Evaluation of theoretical assumptions and meta-analyses
- Psychological Bulletin
, 2002
"... Are Americans more individualistic and less collectivistic than members of other groups? The authors summarize plausible psychological implications of individualism–collectivism (IND-COL), meta-analyze cross-national and within-United States IND-COL differences, and review evidence for effects of IN ..."
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Cited by 520 (11 self)
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Are Americans more individualistic and less collectivistic than members of other groups? The authors summarize plausible psychological implications of individualism–collectivism (IND-COL), meta-analyze cross-national and within-United States IND-COL differences, and review evidence for effects of IND-COL on self-concept, well-being, cognition, and relationality. European Americans were found to be both more individualistic—valuing personal independence more—and less collectivistic—feeling duty to in-groups less—than others. However, European Americans were not more individualistic than African Americans, or Latinos, and not less collectivistic than Japanese or Koreans. Among Asians, only Chinese showed large effects, being both less individualistic and more collectivistic. Moderate IND-COL effects were found on self-concept and relationality, and large effects were found on attribution and cognitive style. To contemporary Americans, being an individualist is not only a good thing; it is a quintessentially American thing. However, the term individualism itself appears to have its roots outside of the North American continent, namely in the French Revolution. It appears that individualism was first used to describe the negative
Are There Universal Aspects in the Structure and Contents of Human Values
- Journal of Social Issues
, 1994
"... This article presents a theory of potentially universal aspects in the content of human values. Ten types of values are distinguished by their motivational goals. ..."
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Cited by 321 (2 self)
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This article presents a theory of potentially universal aspects in the content of human values. Ten types of values are distinguished by their motivational goals.
Converging measurement of horizontal and vertical individualism and collectivism
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
, 1998
"... theoretically defined and empirically supported. Study 1 confirmed, via factor analysis, that the 4 ..."
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Cited by 246 (5 self)
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theoretically defined and empirically supported. Study 1 confirmed, via factor analysis, that the 4
Culture and conformity: A meta-analysis of studies using Asch’s (1952b, 1956) line judgment task
- PSYCHOL BULL
, 1996
"... A meta-analysis of conformity studies using an Asch-type line judgment task (1952b, 1956) was conducted to investigate whether the level of conformity has changed over time and whether it is related crogs-culturally to individualism-collectivism. The fiterature search produced 133 studies drawn from ..."
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Cited by 161 (3 self)
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A meta-analysis of conformity studies using an Asch-type line judgment task (1952b, 1956) was conducted to investigate whether the level of conformity has changed over time and whether it is related crogs-culturally to individualism-collectivism. The fiterature search produced 133 studies drawn from 17 countries. An analysis of U.S. studies found that conformity has declined since the 1950s. Results from 3 surveys were used to assess a country's individualism-collectivism, and for each survey the measures were found to be significantly related to conformity. Collectivist countries tended to show higher levels of conformity than individualist countries. Conformity research must attend more to cultural variables and to their role in the processes involved in social influence.
Construal-Level Theory of Psychological Distance
, 2010
"... People are capable of thinking about the future, the past, remote locations, another person’s perspective, and counterfactual alternatives. Without denying the uniqueness of each process, it is proposed that they constitute different forms of traversing psychological distance. Psychological distance ..."
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Cited by 158 (6 self)
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People are capable of thinking about the future, the past, remote locations, another person’s perspective, and counterfactual alternatives. Without denying the uniqueness of each process, it is proposed that they constitute different forms of traversing psychological distance. Psychological distance is egocentric: Its reference point is the self in the here and now, and the different ways in which an object might be removed from that point—in time, in space, in social distance, and in hypotheticality—constitute different distance dimensions. Transcending the self in the here and now entails mental construal, and the farther removed an object is from direct experience, the higher (more abstract) the level of construal of that object. Supporting this analysis, research shows (a) that the various distances are cognitively related to each other, (b) that they similarly influence and are influenced by level of mental construal, and (c) that they similarly affect prediction, preference, and action.
Intergroup emotions: Explaining offensive action tendencies in an intergroup context.
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,
, 2000
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Culture, gender, and self: A perspective from individualism–collectivism research
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
, 1995
"... Individualism and collectivism are often equated with independent vs. interdependent, agentic vs. communal, and separate vs. relational self-construals. Although these same concepts have been used to characterize both cultural and gender differences, a perspective of cultural evolution suggests it i ..."
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Cited by 108 (8 self)
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Individualism and collectivism are often equated with independent vs. interdependent, agentic vs. communal, and separate vs. relational self-construals. Although these same concepts have been used to characterize both cultural and gender differences, a perspective of cultural evolution suggests it is unlikely. A division of labor within society may produce gender differences, but this cannot explain cultural differences. A study of self-construal involving 5 cultures (Australia, the United States, Hawaii, Japan, and Korea) shows that differences between these cultures are captured mostly by the extent to which people see themselves as acting as independent agents, whereas gender differences are best summarized by the extent to which people regard themselves as emotionally related to others. The current literature proposes that people construe the self in two divergent ways. One type of construal is described by such concepts as individualist, independent, autonomous, agen-tic, and separate, and the other by their antonyms such as col-lectivist, interdependent, ensembled, communal, and relational
The effects of personal and contextual characteristics on creativity: Where should we go from here
- Journal of Management
, 2004
"... The online version of this article can be found at: ..."
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Cited by 105 (5 self)
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The online version of this article can be found at:
The impact of national culture and economic ideology on managerial work values: A study of the United States
- Journal of International Business Studies
, 1997
"... Abstract. This study assesses the impact of economic ideology and national culture on the individual work values of managers in the United ..."
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Cited by 103 (13 self)
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Abstract. This study assesses the impact of economic ideology and national culture on the individual work values of managers in the United
