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Vigilnet: An Integrated Sensor Network System for Energy-Efficient Surveillance
- ACM Transaction on Sensor Networks
, 2006
"... This article describes one of the major efforts in the sensor network community to build an integrated sensor network system for surveillance missions. The focus of this effort is to acquire and verify information about enemy capabilities and positions of hostile targets. Such missions often involve ..."
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Cited by 159 (36 self)
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This article describes one of the major efforts in the sensor network community to build an integrated sensor network system for surveillance missions. The focus of this effort is to acquire and verify information about enemy capabilities and positions of hostile targets. Such missions often involve a high element of risk for human personnel and require a high degree of stealthiness. Hence, the ability to deploy unmanned surveillance missions, by using wireless sensor networks, is of great practical importance for the military. Because of the energy constraints of sensor devices, such systems necessitate an energy-aware design to ensure the longevity of surveillance missions. Solutions proposed recently for this type of system show promising results through simulations. However, the simplified assumptions they make about the system in the simulator often do not hold well in practice, and energy consumption is narrowly accounted for within a single protocol. In this article, we describe the design and implementation of a complete running system, called VigilNet, for energyefficient surveillance. The VigilNet allows a group of cooperating sensor devices to detect and track the positions of moving vehicles in an energy-efficient and stealthy manner. We evaluate VigilNet middleware components and integrated system extensively on a network of 70 MICA2 motes. Our results show that our surveillance strategy is adaptable and achieves a significant extension of
Macro-programming Wireless Sensor Networks using Kairos
"... The literature on programming sensor networks has, by and large, focused on providing higher-level abstractions for expressing local node behavior. Kairos is a natural next step in sensor network programming in that it allows the programmer to express, in a centralized fashion, the desired global b ..."
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Cited by 134 (3 self)
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The literature on programming sensor networks has, by and large, focused on providing higher-level abstractions for expressing local node behavior. Kairos is a natural next step in sensor network programming in that it allows the programmer to express, in a centralized fashion, the desired global behavior of a distributed computation on the entire sensor network. Kairos’ compile-time and runtime subsystems expose a small set of programming primitives, while hiding from the programmer the details of distributed code generation and instantiation, remote data access and management, and inter-node program flow coordination. Kairos ’ runtime is greatly simplified by assuming eventual consistency in node state; this assumption underlies many practical distributed computations proposed for sensor networks. In this paper, we describe Kairos ’ programming model, and the flexibility and robustness it affords programmers. We demonstrate its suitability, through actual implementation, for a variety of distributed programs—both infrastructure services and signal processing tasks—typically encountered in sensor network literature: routing tree construction, localization, and object tracking. Our experimental results suggest that Kairos does not adversely affect the performance or accuracy of distributed programs, while our implementation experiences suggest that it greatly raises the level of abstraction presented to the programmer.
Collaborative Signal and Information Processing: An Information Directed Approach
- Proceedings of the IEEE
, 2003
"... This article describes information-based approaches to processing and organizing spatially distributed, multi-modal sensor data in a sensor network. Energy constrained networked sensing systems must rely on collaborative signal and information processing (CSIP) to dynamically allocate resources, mai ..."
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Cited by 125 (2 self)
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This article describes information-based approaches to processing and organizing spatially distributed, multi-modal sensor data in a sensor network. Energy constrained networked sensing systems must rely on collaborative signal and information processing (CSIP) to dynamically allocate resources, maintain multiple sensing foci, and attend to new stimuli of interest, all based on task requirements and resource constraints. Target tracking is an essential capability for sensor networks and is used as a canonical problem for studying information organization problems in CSIP. After formulating a CSIP tracking problem in a distributed constrained optimization framework, the paper describes IDSQ and other techniques for tracking individual targets as well as combinatorial tracking problems such as counting targets. Results from simulations and experimental implementations have demonstrated that these information based approaches are scalable and make efficient use of scarce sensing and communication resources.
Protothreads: simplifying event-driven programming of memory-constrained embedded systems.
- In SenSys ’06: Proceedings of the 4th international conference on Embedded networked sensor systems
, 2006
"... Abstract Event-driven programming is a popular model for writing programs for tiny embedded systems and sensor network nodes. While event-driven programming can keep the memory overhead down, it enforces a state machine programming style which makes many programs difficult to write, maintain, and d ..."
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Cited by 119 (12 self)
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Abstract Event-driven programming is a popular model for writing programs for tiny embedded systems and sensor network nodes. While event-driven programming can keep the memory overhead down, it enforces a state machine programming style which makes many programs difficult to write, maintain, and debug. We present a novel programming abstraction called protothreads that makes it possible to write eventdriven programs in a thread-like style, with a memory overhead of only two bytes per protothread. We show that protothreads significantly reduce the complexity of a number of widely used programs previously written with event-driven state machines. For the examined programs the majority of the state machines could be entirely removed. In the other cases the number of states and transitions was drastically decreased. With protothreads the number of lines of code was reduced by one third. The execution time overhead of protothreads is on the order of a few processor cycles.
EnviroSuite: An Environmentally Immersive Programming Framework for Sensor Networks
- ACM Transactions on Embedded Computing Systems
, 2006
"... Sensor networks open a new frontier for embedded distributed computing. Paradigms for sensor network programming in the large have been identified as a significant challenge towards developing large-scale applications. Classical programming languages are too low-level. This paper presents the design ..."
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Cited by 64 (12 self)
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Sensor networks open a new frontier for embedded distributed computing. Paradigms for sensor network programming in the large have been identified as a significant challenge towards developing large-scale applications. Classical programming languages are too low-level. This paper presents the design, implementation, and evaluation of EnviroSuite, a programming framework that introduces a new paradigm, called environmentally immersive programming, to abstract distributed interactions with the environment. Environmentally immersive programming refers to an object-based programming model in which individual objects represent physical elements in the external environment. It allows the programmer to think directly in terms of environmental abstractions. EnviroSuite provides language primitives for environmentally immersive programming that map transparently into a support library of distributed algorithms for tracking and environmental monitoring. We show how nesC code of realistic applications is significantly simplified using EnviroSuite, and demonstrate the resulting system performance on Mica2 and XSM platforms.
Programming models for sensor networks: a survey
- ACM Transactions on Sensor Networks
, 2008
"... Sensor networks have a significant potential in diverse applications some of which are already beginning to be deployed in areas such as environmental monitoring. As the application logic becomes more complex, programming difficulties are becoming a barrier to adoption of these networks. The difficu ..."
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Cited by 36 (0 self)
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Sensor networks have a significant potential in diverse applications some of which are already beginning to be deployed in areas such as environmental monitoring. As the application logic becomes more complex, programming difficulties are becoming a barrier to adoption of these networks. The difficulty in programming sensor networks is not only due to their inherently distributed nature but also the need for mechanisms to address their harsh operating conditions such as unreliable communications, faulty nodes, and extremely constrained resources. Researchers have proposed different programming models to overcome these difficulties with the ultimate goal of making programming easy while making full use of available resources. In this article, we first explore the requirements for programming models for sensor networks. Then we present a taxonomy of the programming models, classified according to the level of abstractions they provide. We present an evaluation of various programming models for their responsiveness to the requirements. Our results point to promising efforts in the area and a discussion of the future directions of research in this area. 8
Flask: Staged Functional Programming for Sensor Networks
"... Severely resource-constrained devices present a confounding challenge to the functional programmer: we are used to having powerful abstraction facilities at our fingertips, but how can we make use of these tools on a device with an 8- or 16-bit CPU and at most tens of kilobytes of RAM? Motivated by ..."
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Cited by 34 (6 self)
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Severely resource-constrained devices present a confounding challenge to the functional programmer: we are used to having powerful abstraction facilities at our fingertips, but how can we make use of these tools on a device with an 8- or 16-bit CPU and at most tens of kilobytes of RAM? Motivated by this challenge, we have developed Flask, a domain specific language embedded in Haskell that brings the power of functional programming to sensor networks, collections of highly resource-constrained devices. Flask consists of a staging mechanism that cleanly separates node-level code from the meta-language used to generate node-level code fragments; syntactic support for embedding standard sensor network code; a restricted subset of Haskell that runs on sensor networks and constrains program space and time consumption; a higher-level “data stream ” combinator library for quickly constructing sensor network programs; and an extensible runtime that provides commonly-used services. We demonstrate Flask through several small code examples as well as a compiler that generates node-level code to execute a network-wide query specified in a SQL-like language. We show how using Flask ensures constraints on space and time behavior. Through microbenchmarks and measurements on physical hardware, we demonstrate that Flask produces programs that are efficient in terms of CPU and memory usage and that can run effectively on existing sensor network hardware.
OASiS: A Programming Framework for Service-Oriented Sensor Networks
- In Proc. 2nd Int. Conf. on Communication Systems Software and Middleware
, 2007
"... Abstract — Wireless sensor networks consist of small, inexpensive devices which interact with the environment, communicate with each other, and perform distributed computations in order to monitor spatio-temporal phenomena. These devices are ideally suited for a variety of applications including obj ..."
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Cited by 25 (0 self)
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Abstract — Wireless sensor networks consist of small, inexpensive devices which interact with the environment, communicate with each other, and perform distributed computations in order to monitor spatio-temporal phenomena. These devices are ideally suited for a variety of applications including object tracking, environmental monitoring, and homeland security. At present, sensor network technologies do not provide off-the-shelf solutions to users who lack low-level network programming experience. Because of limited resources, ad hoc deployments, and volatile wireless communication links, the development of distributed applications require the combination of both application and system-level logic. Programming frameworks and middleware for traditional distributed computing are not suitable for many of these problems due to the resource constraints and interactions with the physical world. To address these challenges we have developed OASiS, a programming framework which provides abstractions for objectcentric, ambient-aware, service-oriented sensor network applications. OASiS uses a well-defined model of computation based on globally asynchronous locally synchronous dataflow, and is complemented by a user-friendly modeling environment. Applications are realized as graphs of modular services and executed in response to the detection of physical phenomena. We have also implemented a suite of middleware services that support OASiS to provide a layer of abstraction shielding the low-level system complexities. A tracking application is used to illustrate the features of OASiS. Our results demonstrate the feasibility and the benefits of a service-oriented programming framework for composing and deploying applications in resource constrained sensor networks. I.
Inter-context control-flow and data-flow test adequacy criteria for nesC applications
- In Proceedings of the 16th ACM SIGSOFT International Symposium on Foundations of Software Engineering (SIGSOFT ’08/FSE-16). ACM
, 2008
"... NesC is a programming language for applications that run on top of networked sensor nodes. Such an application mainly uses an interrupt to trigger a sequence of operations, known as contexts, to perform its actions. However, a high degree of inter-context interleaving in an application can cause it ..."
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Cited by 18 (2 self)
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NesC is a programming language for applications that run on top of networked sensor nodes. Such an application mainly uses an interrupt to trigger a sequence of operations, known as contexts, to perform its actions. However, a high degree of inter-context interleaving in an application can cause it to be error-prone. For instance, a context may mistakenly alter another context’s data kept at a shared variable. Existing concurrency testing techniques target testing programs written in general-purpose programming languages, where a small scale of inter-context interleaving between program executions may make these techniques inapplicable. We observe that nesC blocks new context interleaving when handling interrupts, and this feature significantly restricts the scale of inter-context interleaving that may occur in a nesC application. This paper models how operations on different contexts may interleave as inter-context flow graphs. Based on these graphs, it proposes two test adequacy criteria, one on inter-context data-flows and another on inter-context control-flows. It evaluates the proposal by a real-life open-source nesC application. The empirical results show that the new criteria detect significantly more failures than their conventional counterparts.
galsC: A language for event-driven embedded systems,”
- University of California, Berkeley,
, 2004
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