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Change blindness: Past, present, and future
- Trends in Cognitive Sciences
, 2005
"... Change blindness is the striking failure to see large changes that normally would be noticed easily. Over the past decade this phenomenon has greatly contributed to our understanding of attention, perception, and even consciousness. The surprising extent of change blindness explains its broad appeal ..."
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Cited by 158 (6 self)
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Change blindness is the striking failure to see large changes that normally would be noticed easily. Over the past decade this phenomenon has greatly contributed to our understanding of attention, perception, and even consciousness. The surprising extent of change blindness explains its broad appeal, but its counterintuitive nature has also engendered confusions about the kinds of inferences that legitimately follow from it. Here we discuss the legitimate and the erroneous inferences that have been drawn, and offer a set of requirements to help separate them. In doing so, we clarify the genuine contributions of change blindness research to our understanding of visual perception and awareness, and provide a glimpse of some ways in which change blindness might shape future research.
Constructing visual representations of natural scenes: The roles of short and long-term visual memory
- Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance
, 2004
"... A “follow-the-dot ” method was used to investigate the visual memory systems supporting accumulation of object information in natural scenes. Participants fixated a series of objects in each scene, following a dot cue from object to object. Memory for the visual form of a target object was then test ..."
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Cited by 64 (10 self)
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A “follow-the-dot ” method was used to investigate the visual memory systems supporting accumulation of object information in natural scenes. Participants fixated a series of objects in each scene, following a dot cue from object to object. Memory for the visual form of a target object was then tested. Object memory was consistently superior for the two most recently fixated objects, a recency advantage indicating a visual short-term memory component to scene representation. In addition, objects examined earlier were remembered at rates well above chance, with no evidence of further forgetting when 10 objects intervened between target examination and test and only modest forgetting with 402 intervening objects. This robust prerecency performance indicates a visual long-term memory component to scene representation.
Visual memory for natural scenes: Evidence from change detection and visual research
- Visual Cognition
, 2006
"... This paper reviews research examining the role of visual memory in scene perception and visual search. Recent theories in these literatures have held that coherent object representations in visual memory are fleeting, disintegrating upon the withdrawal of attention from an object. I discuss evidence ..."
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Cited by 29 (1 self)
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This paper reviews research examining the role of visual memory in scene perception and visual search. Recent theories in these literatures have held that coherent object representations in visual memory are fleeting, disintegrating upon the withdrawal of attention from an object. I discuss evidence demonstrating that, far from being transient, visual memory supports the accumulation of information from scores of individual objects in scenes, utilizing both visual short-term memory and visual long-term memory. In addition, I review evidence that memory for the spatial layout of a scene and memory for specific object positions can efficiently guide search within natural scenes. In the past decade, the interaction between perception and memory has received a great deal of attention from cognitive scientists. Much of this interest has originated from increased understanding that perception is a dynamic, serial process, extended over space and time. In this paper, I will discuss two related lines of research in which the relationship between perception and memory has come to the fore: Scene perception and visual
The relationship between online visual representation of a scene and long-term scene memory
- Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition
, 2005
"... In 3 experiments the author investigated the relationship between the online visual representation of natural scenes and long-term visual memory. In a change detection task, a target object either changed or remained the same from an initial image of a natural scene to a test image. Two types of cha ..."
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Cited by 27 (8 self)
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In 3 experiments the author investigated the relationship between the online visual representation of natural scenes and long-term visual memory. In a change detection task, a target object either changed or remained the same from an initial image of a natural scene to a test image. Two types of changes were possible: rotation in depth, or replacement by another object from the same basic-level category. Change detection during online scene viewing was compared with change detection after delay of 1 trial (Experiments 2A and 2B) until the end of the study session (Experiment 1) or 24 hr (Experiment 3). There was little or no decline in change detection performance from online viewing to a delay of 1 trial or delay until the end of the session, and change detection remained well above chance after 24 hr. These results demonstrate that long-term memory for visual detail in a scene is robust. Human beings spend their lives within complex environments— offices, parks, living rooms—that typically contain scores of indi-vidual objects. All of the visual detail within a scene cannot be perceived in a single glance, as high acuity vision is limited to a relatively small, foveal region of the visual field (Riggs, 1965), so the eyes and attention are oriented serially to local scene regions to obtain high resolution, foveal information from individual objects (see Henderson & Hollingworth, 1998, for a review). Visual scene perception is therefore extended over time and space as the eyes and attention are oriented from object to object. To construct a visual representation of a scene as a whole, visual information from previously fixated and attended objects must be retained in memory and integrated with information from subsequently at-tended objects. Once constructed during viewing, how robustly are visual rep-resentations of scenes retained in memory? Early evidence from the picture memory literature suggested that visual memory for scenes exhibits exceedingly large capacity and is highly robust
Pictorial and conceptual representation of glimpsed pictures
- Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance
, 2004
"... Pictures seen in a rapid sequence are remembered briefly, but most are forgotten within a few seconds ..."
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Cited by 26 (2 self)
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Pictures seen in a rapid sequence are remembered briefly, but most are forgotten within a few seconds
Explicit mechanisms do not account for implicit localization and identification of change: An empirical reply to Mitroff et al
- Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance
, 2003
"... Several recent findings support the notion that changes in the environment can be implicitly represented ..."
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Cited by 24 (1 self)
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Several recent findings support the notion that changes in the environment can be implicitly represented
Incidental visual memory for objects in scenes. Visual Cognition: Special Issue on Scene Perception
, 2005
"... Three experiments were conducted to investigate the existence of incidentally acquired, long-term, detailed visual memory for objects embedded in previously viewed scenes. Participants performed intentional memorization and incidental visual search learning tasks while viewing photographs of real-wo ..."
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Cited by 24 (5 self)
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Three experiments were conducted to investigate the existence of incidentally acquired, long-term, detailed visual memory for objects embedded in previously viewed scenes. Participants performed intentional memorization and incidental visual search learning tasks while viewing photographs of real-world scenes. A visual memory test for previously viewed objects from these scenes then followed. Participants were not aware that they would be tested on the scenes following incidental learning in the visual search task. In two types of memory tests for visually specific object information (token discrimination and mirror-image dis-crimination), performance following both the memorization and visual search conditions was reliably above chance. These results indicate that recent demon-strations of good visual memory during scene viewing are not due to intentional scene memorization. Instead, long-term visual representations are incidentally generated as a natural product of scene perception. What is the nature of the representation that is created during ongoing, natural scene perception? Intuitively, it seems that the visual system generates a com-plete and highly detailed model of the external world. The perceptual experience of a stable and detailed visual world has led many vision researchers in the past to conclude that the visual representation formed for a scene is veridical and complete (McConkie & Rayner, 1976; Neisser, 1967). Such a detailed visual
Low-level visual saliency does not predict change detection in natural scenes
- Journal of Vision
, 2007
"... Saliency models of eye guidance during scene perception suggest that attention is drawn to visually conspicuous areas having high visual salience. Despite such low-level visual processes controlling the allocation of attention, higher level information gained from scene knowledge may also control e ..."
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Cited by 22 (5 self)
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Saliency models of eye guidance during scene perception suggest that attention is drawn to visually conspicuous areas having high visual salience. Despite such low-level visual processes controlling the allocation of attention, higher level information gained from scene knowledge may also control eye movements. This is supported by the findings of eyetracking studies demonstrating that scene-inconsistent objects are often fixated earlier than their consistent counterparts. Using a change blindness paradigm, changes were made to objects that were either consistent or inconsistent with the scene and that had been measured as having high or low visual salience (according to objective measurements). Results showed that change detection speed and accuracy for objects with high visual salience did not differ from those having low visual salience. However, changes in scene-inconsistent objects were detected faster and with higher accuracy than those in scene-consistent objects for both high and low visually salient objects. We conclude that the scene-inconsistent change detection advantage is a true top-down effect and is not confounded by low-level visual factors and may indeed override such factors when viewing complex naturalistic scenes.
Scene and position specificity in visual memory for objects.
- Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition,
, 2006
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Object-position binding in visual memory for natural scenes and object arrays.
- Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance,
, 2007
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