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Editorials From molecular to genomic epidemiology: transforming surveillance and control of infectious diseases
, 2013
"... The use of increasingly powerful genotyping tools for the characterisation of pathogens has become a standard component of infectious disease surveillance and outbreak investigations. This thematic issue of Eurosurveillance, published in two parts, provides a series of review and original research a ..."
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The use of increasingly powerful genotyping tools for the characterisation of pathogens has become a standard component of infectious disease surveillance and outbreak investigations. This thematic issue of Eurosurveillance, published in two parts, provides a series of review and original research articles that gauge progress in molecular epidemiology strategies and tools, and illustrate their applications in public health. Molecular epidemiology of infectious diseases combines traditional epidemiological methods with analysis of genome polymorphisms of pathogens over time, place and person across human populations and relevant reservoirs, to study host–pathogen interactions and infer hypotheses about host-to-host or source-to-host transmission [1-3]. Based on discriminant
The globalization of healthcare: implications of medical tourism for the infectious disease clinician
- Clinical Infectious Diseases
, 2013
"... Travel abroad for healthcare has increased rapidly; interventions include organ transplant; cardiac surgery; reproductive care; and joint, cosmetic, and dental procedures. Individuals who receive medical care abroad are a vulnerable, sentinel population, who sample the local environment and can carr ..."
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Travel abroad for healthcare has increased rapidly; interventions include organ transplant; cardiac surgery; reproductive care; and joint, cosmetic, and dental procedures. Individuals who receive medical care abroad are a vulnerable, sentinel population, who sample the local environment and can carry home unusual and resistant infections, documented in many reports. Medical tourists are at risk for hospital-associated and procedure-related infections as well as for locally endemic infections. Patients may not volunteer details about care abroad, so clinicians must inquire about medical procedures abroad as well as recent travel. Special infection control measures may be warranted. Healthcare abroad is associated with diverse financial, legal, ethical, and health-related issues. We focus on problems the infectious disease clinician may encounter and provide a frame-work for evaluating returned medical tourists with suspected infections. A better system is needed to ensure broad access to high-quality health services, continuity of care, and surveillance for complications.
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"... As clear as mud? Determining the diversity and prevalence of prophages in the draft genomes of estuarine isolates of Clostridium difficile. ..."
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As clear as mud? Determining the diversity and prevalence of prophages in the draft genomes of estuarine isolates of Clostridium difficile.
Review Antimicrobial Resistance and Reduced Susceptibility in Clostridium difficile: Potential Consequences for Induction, Treatment, and Recurrence of C. difficile Infection
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Comparative Genomics of an IncA/C Multidrug Resistance Plasmid from Escherichia coli and Klebsiella Isolates from Intensive Care Unit Patients and the Utility of Whole-Genome Sequencing in Health Care Settings
"... The IncA/C plasmids have been implicated for their role in the dissemination of -lactamases, including gene variants that con-fer resistance to expanded-spectrum cephalosporins, which are often the treatment of last resort against multidrug-resistant, hospital-associated pathogens. A blaFOX-5 gene w ..."
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The IncA/C plasmids have been implicated for their role in the dissemination of -lactamases, including gene variants that con-fer resistance to expanded-spectrum cephalosporins, which are often the treatment of last resort against multidrug-resistant, hospital-associated pathogens. A blaFOX-5 gene was detected in 14 Escherichia coli and 16 Klebsiella isolates that were cultured from perianal swabs of patients admitted to an intensive care unit (ICU) of the University of MarylandMedical Center (UMMC) in Baltimore, MD, over a span of 3 years. Four of the FOX-encoding isolates were obtained from subsequent samples of patients that were initially negative for an AmpC -lactamase upon admission to the ICU, suggesting that the AmpC -lactamase-encod-ing plasmid was acquired while the patient was in the ICU. The genomes of five E. coli isolates and six Klebsiella isolates contain-ing blaFOX-5 were selected for sequencing based on their plasmid profiles. An167-kb IncA/C plasmid encoding the FOX-5 -lactamase, a CARB-2-lactamase, additional antimicrobial resistance genes, and heavy metal resistance genes was identified. Another FOX-5-encoding IncA/C plasmid that was nearly identical except for a variable region associated with the resistance genes was also identified. To our knowledge, these plasmids represent the first FOX-5-encoding plasmids sequenced.We used comparative genomics to describe the genetic diversity of a plasmid encoding a FOX-5 -lactamase relative to the whole-genome diversity of 11 E. coli and Klebsiella isolates that carry this plasmid. Our findings demonstrate the utility of whole-genome se-
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"... ABSTRACT Clostridium difficile is the cause of most frequently occurring nosocomial diarrhea worldwide. As an enteropatho-gen, C. difficile must be exposed to multiple exogenous genetic elements in bacteriophage-rich gut communities. CRISPR (clus-tered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats ..."
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ABSTRACT Clostridium difficile is the cause of most frequently occurring nosocomial diarrhea worldwide. As an enteropatho-gen, C. difficile must be exposed to multiple exogenous genetic elements in bacteriophage-rich gut communities. CRISPR (clus-tered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats)-Cas (CRISPR-associated) systems allow bacteria to adapt to foreign ge-netic invaders. Our recent data revealed active expression and processing of CRISPR RNAs frommultiple type I-B CRISPR arrays in C. difficile reference strain 630. Here, we demonstrate active expression of CRISPR arrays in strain R20291, an epidemic C. difficile strain. Through genome sequencing and host range analysis of several new C. difficile phages and plasmid conjuga-tion experiments, we provide evidence of defensive function of the CRISPR-Cas system in both C. difficile strains. We further demonstrate that C. difficile Cas proteins are capable of interference in a heterologous host, Escherichia coli. These data set the stage for mechanistic and physiological analyses of CRISPR-Cas-mediated interactions of important global human pathogen with its genetic parasites. IMPORTANCE Clostridium difficile is the major cause of nosocomial infections associated with antibiotic therapy worldwide. To survive in bacteriophage-rich gut communities, enteropathogens must develop efficient systems for defense against foreign DNA elements. CRISPR-Cas systems have recently taken center stage among various anti-invader bacterial defense systems.We pro-
RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access
"... Current crisis or artifact of surveillance: insights into rebound chlamydia rates from dynamic modelling ..."
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Current crisis or artifact of surveillance: insights into rebound chlamydia rates from dynamic modelling
RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access
"... Analysis and prediction of cancerlectins using evolutionary and domain information ..."
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Analysis and prediction of cancerlectins using evolutionary and domain information
