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...sin education for not only students but also for the parents involved, the school,sand the wider community (Barnard, 2004; Epstein, 2001; Fan & Chen, 2001;sHenderson & Mapp, 2002; Jeynes, 2003, 2007; =-=Lee & Bowen, 2006-=-). Despite the challenges in establishing a causal link between parent involvementsand student achievement, studies utilizing large databases have shown positivesand significant effects of parent invo...

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...e influence on their level of involvement. With respect to increasing satisfaction, Adams and Christenson (2000) suggest that high quality relationships characterized by mutual respect and cooperative problem-solving are linked to satisfaction more so than frequency of contact. In the present study, demographic status variables, such as educational level, employment, and primary language, did not account for parents' level of involvement in home-based activities. Given that home-based involvement is a strong predictor of educational success for ethnic minority children (Fantuzzo et al., 2000; Lee & Bowen, 2006), practitioners should seek to understand and encourage already existing family practices. Often, communication regarding home-based involvement is one way; that is, schools make suggestions to parents regarding appropriate home involvement practices. Practitioners may be unaware of the many ways parents already support their children at home. Reciprocal dialogue between parents and educational staff can help teachers determine how they may adapt culture-specific methods to the classroom environment, leading to higher congruence between the home and school. The present research also has implic...

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...ties at the school than are lower SES parents,salthough some research suggests that lower SES parents engage in certain aspects of parent involvement as frequently as their middle-class counterparts (=-=Lee & Bowen, 2006-=-;sWeiss et al., 2003).sDuring the last decade, in contradiction to the prevailing image of Japan as a “classless” society, researchers have begun to uncover evidence of a growing achievement gapsbetwe...

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....g., improved academic performance). returning to children exhibiting behavior problems, this study suggests both the need for, and potential of, interventions. most notably, interventions can be targeted at parent appraisals of child behavior (i.e., merging clinical intervention with education about the fundamental attribution error), and designed to promote parental supportive educational behaviors, even in the face of behavior problems (domina, 2005). although considerable extant research has found associations between parental expectations (e.g., taylor & lopez, 2005) and behaviors (e.g., lee & Bowen, 2006) and child outcomes, examination of the efficacy of interventions targeting these appraisals and behaviors has been inconclusive and fraught with methodological limitations (mattingly, prislin, mcKenzie, rodriguez, & Kayzar, 2002). future research should test these interventions using controlled experimental designs, focusing on both proximal (e.g., parent attributions, supportive behaviors) and distal (child academic performance, child wellbeing and adjustment) outcomes. 410 eduCatIonal expeCtatIons reFerenCes adams, g. r., & lavoie, J. c. (1974). the effect of student’s sex, conduct, and fac...

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... for a mother or father who will attend those parent-teacher conferences or help with the homework or turn off the TV, put away the video games, read to their child. Responsibility for our children’s education must begin at home. (Obama, 2009) Despite the professed intentions of policymakers to boost parental involvement, it is clear that not all parents are able or willing to be involved. A number of studies have found that in general, low-income and/or ethnic/racial minority parents are less likely than other parents to participate in some forms of involvement in their children’s schooling (Lee & Bowen, 2006; Wong & Hughes, 2006). However, relatively few studies have examined why socioeconomic status and race/ethnicity are associated with parental involvement, and hence researchers lack a clear idea as to the processes that account for the differences that have been observed (Hill et al., 2004). Furthermore, relatively little is known about parental involvement during the adolescent period. Given that the developmental needs of children change dramatically during adolescence, parenting practices that were helpful when their children were young may lose their effectiveness as they become more matu...

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... and increases student enrollment in secondary education (Desforges & Abouchaar, 2003; Henderson & Berla, 1994; Hoover-Dempsey & Sandler, 1997; Hoover-Dempsey et al., 2005). In addition, community involvement in schools has been reported to improve student achievement, decrease delinquency, and improve overall student behavior (Epstein, 2005a; Ofsted, 2007; Sheldon, 2003; Sheldon & Epstein, 2002). Recent studies also suggest that the form of community and parent involvement with the school can have differential effects according to the families’ social capital and socio-economic status (SES) (Lee & Bowen, 2006; Woolley et al., 2008). The value of increased community and parent involvement is a well-documented antecedent for successful education reform; however, educators find it especially challenging to increase involvement with parents and members of diverse communities (Epstein & Sanders, 2006; Howland, Anderson, Smiley, & Abbott, 2006). One solution may be the effective use of information and communication technology (ICT) to increase family and community involvement (Becta, 2008; Shaw & Shaw, 1999). However, few studies have examined how ICT can be used to increase and sustain community and pa...

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...n tend to dosbetter in school, stay in school longer, and like school more (Barnard, 2004;sBryan, 2005; Epstein et al., 2002; Fan & Chen, 2001; Henderson, Mapp,sJohnson, & Davies, 2007; Ingram, 2007; =-=Lee & Bowen, 2006-=-; Putnum, 2000;sSheldon, 2003, 2007). Research also confirms a need to prepare teachers, particularly those working with families of color and in poor urban communities,son how to establish more authe...

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...le of cultural capital has focused primarily onsits role in parent involvement. In large part, this is because parent involvement has been shownsto be associated with children’s academic performance (=-=Lee & Bowen, 2006-=-). The focus onsparents within the “parent involvement” research has focused on involvement as a “scripted rolesto be ‘performed’” (Lopez, 2001, p. 417) and on the quantity of involvement (e.g., numbe...