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Shifting Innovation to Users Via Toolkits
- Management Science
, 2002
"... In the traditional new product development process, manufacturers first explore user needs and then develop responsive products. Developing an accurate understanding of user needs is not simple or fast or cheap however, and the traditional approach is coming under increasing strain as user needs cha ..."
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In the traditional new product development process, manufacturers first explore user needs and then develop responsive products. Developing an accurate understanding of user needs is not simple or fast or cheap however, and the traditional approach is coming under increasing strain as user needs change more rapidly, and as firms increasingly seek to serve “markets of one.” Toolkits for user innovation is an emerging alternative approach in which manufacturers actually abandon the attempt to understand user needs in detail in favor of transferring need-related aspects of product and service development to users. Experience in fields where the toolkit approach has been pioneered show custom products being developed much more quickly and at a lower cost. In this paper we explore toolkits for user innovation and explain why and how they work.
INFORMATION TO USERS
"... Knowledge-based support for software selection in information centers: Design criteria, development issues, and empirical evaluation. ..."
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Knowledge-based support for software selection in information centers: Design criteria, development issues, and empirical evaluation.
1"Sticky Information " and the Locus of Problem Solving: Implications for Innovation
"... contributions to the ideas explored in this paper. I thank the Sloan Foundation for funding the research reported on in this paper. To solve a problem, needed information and problem-solving capabilities must be brought together. Often the information used in technical problem solving is costly to a ..."
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contributions to the ideas explored in this paper. I thank the Sloan Foundation for funding the research reported on in this paper. To solve a problem, needed information and problem-solving capabilities must be brought together. Often the information used in technical problem solving is costly to acquire, transfer, and use in a new locus- is, in our terms, "sticky. " In this paper we explore the impact of information stickiness on the locus of innovation-related problem solving. We find, first, that when sticky information needed by problem solvers is held at one site only, problem solving will be carried out at that locus, other things being equal. Second, when more than one locus of sticky information is called upon by problem solvers, the locus of problem solving may iterate among these sites as problem solving proceeds. When the cost of such iteration is high, then third, problems that draw upon multiple sites of sticky information will sometimes be partitioned into subproblems that each draw on only one such locus, and/or, fourth, investments will be made to reduce the stickiness of information at some locations. Information stickiness appears to affect a number of issues of importance to researchers and practitioners. Among these are patterns in the diffusion of information, the specialization of firms, the locus of innovation, and the nature of problems selected by problem solvers.
''Sticky Information' ' and the Locus of Problem Solving: Implications for Innovation
"... To solve a problem, needed information and problem-solving capabilities must be broughttogether. Often the information used in technical problem solving is costly to acquire, transfer, and use in a new location—is, in our terms, "sticky, " In this paper we explore the impact of information ..."
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To solve a problem, needed information and problem-solving capabilities must be broughttogether. Often the information used in technical problem solving is costly to acquire, transfer, and use in a new location—is, in our terms, "sticky, " In this paper we explore the impact of information stickiness on the locus of innovation-related problem solving. We find, first, that when sticky information needed by problem solvers is held at one site only, problem solving will be carried out at that locus, other things being equal. Second, when more than one locus of sticky information is called upon by problem solvers, the locus of problem solving may iterate among these sites as problem solving proceeds. When the costs of such iteration are high, then, third, problems that draw upon multiple sites of sticky information will sometimes be "task partitioned " into subproblems that each draw on only one such locus, and/or, fourth, investments will be made to reduce the stickiness of information at some locations. Information stickiness appears to affect a number of issues of importance to researchers and practitioners. Among these are patterns in the diffusion of information, the specialization of firms, the locus of innovation, and the nature of problems selected by problem solvers,
Gramado, Brazil; Tel. +44 (0) 161 200 4632; Fax +44 (0) 161 200 4646 Nuno Gil Proceedings IGLC-10
"... ABSTRACT Knowledge here is defined as applying to the body of facts gathered by study, observation, and experience, as well as to the ideas inferred from those facts. Knowledge connotes an understanding of what is known. Whereas explicit knowledge has been formalized and codified, tacit knowledge m ..."
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ABSTRACT Knowledge here is defined as applying to the body of facts gathered by study, observation, and experience, as well as to the ideas inferred from those facts. Knowledge connotes an understanding of what is known. Whereas explicit knowledge has been formalized and codified, tacit knowledge may exist only in the heads of individuals. Know-how here means a subset of tacit knowledge, comprised of its operational and logistic dimensions. First, this paper articulates the problem of the lack of transference of tacit knowledge between designers and builders. It questions to what extent means and methods can be developed to help individuals signal some degree of tacit knowledge, and thereby enhance the subsequent transfer of know-how across architecture-engineering-construction (AEC) organizations' boundaries. Then, a literature review of knowledge engineering and management as applied to the AEC domain is presented. Finally, the objectives and the expected results of a proposal to investigate hypothetical ways to help designers and builders signal their know-how are discussed.
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"... Control, capabilities and communication: Three key issues for machine Ð expert collaborative knowledge-acquisition ..."
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Control, capabilities and communication: Three key issues for machine Ð expert collaborative knowledge-acquisition
Explorations of the Impact of "Sticky " Local Information on the Locus of Innovation: A Progress Report
"... In this article we briefly summarize our work to date on the impact of sticky information on the locus of innovation. First, initial empirical work has shown a link between information stickiness and the locus of innovation-related problem-solving. Second, a pattern of iterative shiftings has been s ..."
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In this article we briefly summarize our work to date on the impact of sticky information on the locus of innovation. First, initial empirical work has shown a link between information stickiness and the locus of innovation-related problem-solving. Second, a pattern of iterative shiftings has been shown in the locus of problem-solving work that appears to be related to problem-solvers ' needs for access to sticky information located at two or more sites. Third, we have proposed that such iterative shiftings can be reduced by repartitioning an overall innovation task into subtasks that can each be performed at a single site containing sticky information, and have seen movement towards such a pattern in two industries studied to date. Forth, we propose that the economics of sticky information, combined with advances in computerization, are leading to an increasingly common pattern of innovation task partitioning in which users are "empowered " to customize products and services for themselves at user sites. 2 1.
Control, capabilities and communication: Three key issues for machine -- expert collaborative knowledge-acquisition
, 1993
"... Machine learning and knowledge elicitation are different but complementary approaches to knowledge acquisition. On the face of it there are large potential gains to be reaped from the integration of these two knowledge acquisition techniques. Machine-expert collaborative knowledge acquisition combin ..."
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Machine learning and knowledge elicitation are different but complementary approaches to knowledge acquisition. On the face of it there are large potential gains to be reaped from the integration of these two knowledge acquisition techniques. Machine-expert collaborative knowledge acquisition combines these approaches by placing the machine learning system and the human expert as partners in the knowledge-acquisition task. This paper examines three key issues facing machine-expert collaborative knowledge-acquisition---where should control reside, what capabilities should each partner bring to the task and how should the partners communicate?
Meta-Knowledge, Autonomy, and (Artificial) Evolution: Some Lessons Learnt So Far
"... We claim in this paper that an extensive use of meta-mechanisms is a very powerful tool for building autonomous AI & AL systems. We support that claim by examples of knowledgebased systems exhibiting unexpected and partly autonomous behaviors. They show that autonomy, as well as viability, ..."
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We claim in this paper that an extensive use of meta-mechanisms is a very powerful tool for building autonomous AI & AL systems. We support that claim by examples of knowledgebased systems exhibiting unexpected and partly autonomous behaviors. They show that autonomy, as well as viability, could be achieved in the future by means of meta-mechanisms. In particular, meta-mechanisms require simpler mechanisms than multi-agent-like or emergent mechanisms, though they can achieve more sophisticated behaviors.
To Appear in International Journal of Production Research An Integrated Intelligent Approach to Process Diagnosis
"... Abstract: This paper propose an integrated intelligent approach to enhancing process diagnosis automation (IIPD). A parallel hierarchical architecture is developed for IIPD, where various subsystems are coordinated by a meta-system. As the kernel of IIPD, the meta-system is endowed with a better und ..."
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Abstract: This paper propose an integrated intelligent approach to enhancing process diagnosis automation (IIPD). A parallel hierarchical architecture is developed for IIPD, where various subsystems are coordinated by a meta-system. As the kernel of IIPD, the meta-system is endowed with a better understanding of diagnostic problem-solving and aims at large scale knowledge integration. Subsystems include domain expert systems and numerical routines that may be written in different languages or programming tools and be used separately in different stages of the diagnostic process. An object-oriented knowledge language is also developed for organizing both meta-knowledge and domain diagnostic knowledge. This frame-based representation facilitates a hybrid utilization of diagnostic knowledge at both shallow and deep levels. Preliminary results have shown the potential of applying integrated intelligent approach to complex process diagnosis. 1.
