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...and ontology and for this input they employ a set of ‘rewriting’ rules in order to compute the target rewriting. However, in many applications ontologies are very often dynamic and can change in time =-=[7, 3, 18]-=-. More precisely, an ontology can be extended by adding new axioms or be contracted—that is, some of its axioms might be removed because they no longer hold. For example, the NCI ontology (a wellknown...

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...rformed to guarantee validity are 10http://www.w3.org/TR/owl-features/ 11http://www.w3.org/RDF/, http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf-schema/ Ontology Evolution: A Process Centric Survey 15 “minimal” (per the Principle of Minimal Change (Alchourron et al., 1985)), in the sense of having minimal effects on the ontology. Note that, even though various works have tried to quantify the “impact” of a change, or to define what “minimality” is, in various contexts (e.g., (Alchourron et al., 1985; Flouris et al., 2006; Gardenfors, 1992; Flouris et al., 2006; Konstantinidis et al., 2008a,b; Flouris et al., 2013; Ribeiro et al., 2009)), this notion is, in principle, applicationdependent. Finally, in most cases, we also want the original change to be actually applied to the ontology, i.e., we don’t want the process of resolving the invalidity to “undo” one of the changes that the original evolution operation caused; this is called the Principle of Success. Originally, validation was performed manually by the editor/curator using ontology editors (e.g., Protege (Noy et al., 2006, 2000), OilEd (Bechhofer et al., 2001)) and reasoners used to pinpoint invalidities; for a related evaluation and a list of related editor feature...

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...o dene what \minimality" is, in various contexts (e.g., (Alchourron et al., 1985; Flouris et al., 2006; Gardenfors, 1992; Flouris et al., 2006; Konstantinidis et al., 2008a,b; Flouris et al., 2013; =-=Ribeiro et al., 2009-=-)), this notion is, in principle, applicationdependent. Finally, in most cases, we also want the original change to be actually applied to the ontology, i.e., we don't want the process of resolving th...

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... the creation of a brute ontology which has to besrevised, refined and populated [17]. In the literature, a lot ofspapers have addressed the problem of managing the lifecyclesof the existing ontology =-=[18]-=-. Most of them propose toolssdealing with the different causes of change as depicted insfigure 1. The major part put the emphasis on thesevolutionissues [19]. Some articles cope with versioningssoluti...