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...aided Education We believe that formal methods technology can play a big role in revolutionizing education. Recently, it has been applied to multiple aspects of Education including problem generation =-=[2, 4, 35]-=- and solution generation [17]. In this paper, we push the frontier forward to cover another aspect namely automated grading. Recently [3] also applied automated grading to automata constructions and u...

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...ical result on polynomial identity testing [15]. We have extended the identity testing result to restricted forms of linear programs [16], [17], geometric constructions [18], and algebraic identities =-=[19]-=-. The latter results have led to inductive synthesizers for respective domains [18], [19]. D. Counterexample Guided Synthesis Even when a complete formal specification is available, it is often best t...

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...eet macros [8] (including semantic string manipulation [21] and table layout manipulation [12]), and even some intelligent tutoring scenarios (such as geometry constructions [10] and algebra problems =-=[23]-=-). Programming by example can be seen as an instantiation of the general program synthesis problem, where the provided input-output examples constitutes the specification. Program synthesis has been u...

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...ani [14, 15] has applied techniques from formal methods, and in particular program synthesis, to various aspects of intelligent tutoring systems including solution generation [16], problem generation =-=[27]-=-, automated grading, and content entry. In this work, we use test input generation techniques from formal methods for problem generation. Problem Generation There have been two approaches to generatin...

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...he technology pyramid ranging from algorithm/system designers [34, 10, 14, 13, 35, 15] and software developers [33, 24] at the top of the pyramid to end-users [9, 8, 12, 27, 28] and students/teachers =-=[11, 29, 25, 30]-=- at the bottom of the pyramid. In this paper, we will present applications for various such classes of users. A traditional view of program synthesis is that of synthesis from complete specifications....

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...grams has been addressed in a variety of domains including bit-vector algorithms [12, 15, 36], ruler/compass based geometry constructions [13], text transformations [24], and algebraic proof problems =-=[34]-=-. One class of technique is based on constraint solving, which involves reducing the synthesis problem to that of solving a SAT/SMT formula (inside a CEGIS loop) and let an off-the-shelf SAT/SMT solve...

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..., software analytics [23], [24]) for general educational tasks, going beyond educational tasks for software engineering. For example, general educational tasks can even be on teaching maths [1], [6], =-=[15]-=-. As an analogy, data mining for software engineering [21] (also called mining software repositories [8]) leverages data mining technologies (which typically come from the data mining community) to ad...

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... [16]. In our work, we extend the expressive capability of synthesized procedures to full imperative programs. Recently, program synthesis was applied to automatically generate algebra proof problems =-=[22]-=- and solutions to geometry construction problems [5], but these approaches only work on restricted domains. 9. Conclusion We have presented a novel programming language and synthesis framework that us...

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... this did not seem to be the case. In our final exam, we asked a nearly identical question to the “poison pill” that we posed in the quiz (we just changed the wording a bit). Less than 5% of those taking the exam could answer this question correctly. Unfortunately, this is a common problem for MOOCs [10, 22, 23]. Our findings suggest this isn’t unique to MOOCs and is likely a pervasive issue with online learning initiatives. We believe that this is an important area of future research. Solutions may include randomized question assignment from large question banks, automated problem generation [17], or other approaches. Internet bandwidth When we first began the MEC project, infrastructural concerns were top of mind. Anyone who has spent time in India knows that one cannot take for granted things like constant power or internet bandwidth when deploying IT projects. However, as we spoke to administrators, teachers and government officials, we were assured that these concerns could be laid to rest for technical colleges; all accredited technical colleges in India are guaranteed broadband connectivity, and every college we spoke to confirmed this. Unfortunately, our experience has been tha...