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A Comprehensive Analysis of the MAC Unreliability Problem in IEEE 802.15.4 Wireless Sensor Networks
"... Abstract – Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) represent a very promising solution in the field of wireless technologies for industrial applications. However, for a credible deployment of WSNs in an industrial environment, four main properties need to be fulfilled, i.e., energy efficiency, scalability, ..."
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Cited by 24 (5 self)
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Abstract – Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) represent a very promising solution in the field of wireless technologies for industrial applications. However, for a credible deployment of WSNs in an industrial environment, four main properties need to be fulfilled, i.e., energy efficiency, scalability, reliability, and timeliness. In this paper we focus on IEEE 802.15.4 WSNs and show that they can suffer from a serious unreliability problem. This problem arises whenever the power management mechanism is enabled for energy efficiency, and results in a very low packet delivery ratio, also when the number of sensor nodes in the network is very low (e.g., 5). We carried out an extensive analysis – based on both simulation and experiments on a real WSN – to investigate the fundamental reasons of this problem, and we found that it is caused by the contention-based MAC (Medium Access Control) protocol used for channel access and its default parameter values. We also found that, with a more appropriate MAC parameters setting, it is possible to mitigate the problem and achieve a delivery ratio up to 100%, at least in the scenarios considered in this paper. However, this improvement in communication reliability is achieved at the cost of an increased latency, which may not be acceptable for industrial applications with stringent timing requirements. In addition, in some cases this is possible only by choosing MAC parameter values formally not allowed by the standard.
Reliable and Real-time Communication in Industrial Wireless Mesh Networks
"... Abstract — Industrial wireless mesh networks are deployed in harsh and noisy environments for process measurement and control applications. Compared with wireless community networks, they have more stringent requirements on communication reliability and real-time performance. Missing or delaying of ..."
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Cited by 18 (3 self)
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Abstract — Industrial wireless mesh networks are deployed in harsh and noisy environments for process measurement and control applications. Compared with wireless community networks, they have more stringent requirements on communication reliability and real-time performance. Missing or delaying of the process data by the network may severely degrade the overall control performance. In this paper, we abstract the primary reliability requirements in typical wireless industrial process control applications and define three types of reliable routing graphs for different communication purposes. We present efficient algorithms to construct them and describe the recovery mechanisms. Data link layer communication schedules between devices are further generated based on these graphs to achieve end-to-end real-time performance. We have built a complete WirelessHART communication system and integrated our solutions into its Network Manager. We demonstrate through extensive experiment results that our algorithms can achieve highly reliable routing, improved communication latency and stable realtime communication in large-scale networks at the cost of modest overheads in device configuration. I.
Extending the Lifetime of Wireless Sensor Networks through Adaptive Sleep
- IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRUSTRIAL INFORMATICS
, 2009
"... In recent years, the use of wireless sensor networks for industrial applications has rapidly increased. However, energy consumption still remains one of the main limitations of this technology. As communication typically accounts for the major power consumption, the activity of the transceiver shou ..."
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Cited by 18 (2 self)
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In recent years, the use of wireless sensor networks for industrial applications has rapidly increased. However, energy consumption still remains one of the main limitations of this technology. As communication typically accounts for the major power consumption, the activity of the transceiver should be minimized, in order to prolong the network lifetime. To this end, this paper proposes an Adaptive Staggered sLEEp Protocol (ASLEEP) for efficient power management in wireless sensor networks targeted to periodic data acquisition. This protocol dynamically adjusts the sleep schedules of nodes to match the network demands, even in time-varying operating conditions. In addition, it does not require any a-priori knowledge of the network topology or traffic pattern. ASLEEP has been extensively studied with simulation. The results obtained show that, under stationary conditions, the protocol effectively reduces the energy consumption of sensor nodes (by dynamically adjusting their duty-cycle to current needs) thus increasing significantly the network lifetime. With respect to similar non-adaptive solutions, it also reduces the average message latency and may increase the delivery ratio. Under timevarying conditions the protocol is able to adapt the duty-cycle of single nodes to the new operating conditions while keeping a consistent sleep schedule among sensor nodes. The results presented here are also confirmed by an experimental evaluation in a real testbed.
Benini " Distributed Compressive Sampling for Lifetime Optimization in Dense Wireless Sensor Networks
- 30 - 40
, 2012
"... This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal, but has not been fully edited. Content may change prior to final publication. ©2011 IEEE. Personal use of this material is permitted. However, permission to reprint/republish this material for advertising or promotiona ..."
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Cited by 16 (4 self)
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This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal, but has not been fully edited. Content may change prior to final publication. ©2011 IEEE. Personal use of this material is permitted. However, permission to reprint/republish this material for advertising or promotional purposes or for creating new collective works for resale or redistribution to servers or lists, or to reuse any copyrighted component of this work in other works must be obtained from the IEEE
Guaranteeing real-time services for industrial wireless sensor networks with
- IEEE 802.15.4,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron
, 2010
"... Abstract—Industrial applications of wireless sensor networks require timeliness in exchanging messages among nodes. Although IEEE 802.15.4 provides a superframe structure for real-time communication, a real-time message-scheduling algorithm is still required to schedule a large number of real-time m ..."
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Cited by 10 (1 self)
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Abstract—Industrial applications of wireless sensor networks require timeliness in exchanging messages among nodes. Although IEEE 802.15.4 provides a superframe structure for real-time communication, a real-time message-scheduling algorithm is still required to schedule a large number of real-time messages to meet their timing constraints. We propose a distance-constrained real-time offline message-scheduling algorithm which generates the standard specific parameters such as beacon order, superframe order, and guaranteed-time-slot information and allocates each periodic real-time message to superframe slots for a given message set. The proposed scheduling algorithm is evaluated and analyzed extensively through simulations. In addition, a guaranteed time service is implemented in a typical industrial sensor node platform with a well-known IEEE 802.15.4-compliant transceiver CC2420 and ATmega128L to verify the feasibility of the guaranteed time service with the schedule generated by the proposed scheduling algorithm. Through experiments, we prove that the real system runs accurately according to the schedule calculated by the pro-posed algorithm. Index Terms—Guaranteed time slot (GTS), industrial wireless sensor network (WSN), real-time communication, WSN. I.
Protocol design for control applications using wireless sensor networks
- RoyalInstitute of Technology (KTH), Tech. Rep. TRITA-EE
, 2009
"... Given the potential benefits offered by wireless sensor networks (WSNs), they are becoming an appealing technology for process, manufacturing, and industrial control applications. In this thesis, we propose a novel approach to WSN proto-col design for control applications. The protocols are designed ..."
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Cited by 10 (2 self)
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Given the potential benefits offered by wireless sensor networks (WSNs), they are becoming an appealing technology for process, manufacturing, and industrial control applications. In this thesis, we propose a novel approach to WSN proto-col design for control applications. The protocols are designed to minimize the energy consumption of the network, while meeting reliability and packet delay re-quirements. The parameters of the protocol are selected by solving a constrained optimization problem, where the objective is to minimize the energy consump-tion and the constraints are the probability of successful packet reception and the communication delay. The proposed design methodology allows one to perform a systematic tradeoff between the control requirements of the application and the network energy consumption. An important step in the design process is the de-velopment of analytical expressions of the performance indicators. We apply the proposed approach to optimize the network for various communication protocols. In Paper A, we present an adaptive IEEE 802.15.4 for energy efficient, reliable,
Survey on Wireless Sensor Network Technologies for Industrial Automation: The Security and Quality of Service Perspectives
, 2010
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Real-time Enabled IEEE 802.15.4 Sensor Networks in Industrial Automation
, 2009
"... Sensor networks have been investigated in many scenarios and a good number of protocols have been developed. With the standardization of the IEEE 802.15.4 protocol, sensor networks became also an interesting topic in industrial automation. Here, the main focus is on real-time capabilities and relia ..."
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Cited by 9 (0 self)
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Sensor networks have been investigated in many scenarios and a good number of protocols have been developed. With the standardization of the IEEE 802.15.4 protocol, sensor networks became also an interesting topic in industrial automation. Here, the main focus is on real-time capabilities and reliability. We analyzed the IEEE 802.15.4 standard both in a simulation environment and analytically to figure out to which degree the standard fulfills these specific requirements. Our results can be used for planning and deploying IEEE 802.15.4 based sensor networks with specific performance demands. Furthermore, we clearly identified specific protocol limitations that prevent its applicability for delay bounded realtime applications. We therefore propose some protocol modifications that enable real-time operation based on standard IEEE 802.15.4 compliant sensor hardware.
Energy efficient scheduling for cluster-tree wireless sensor networks with time bounded data flows: Application to IEEE 802.15.4/Zig-Bee.
- IEEE T. Ind. Inform.,
, 2010
"... Abstract Cluster scheduling and collision avoidance are crucial issues in large-scale cluster-tree Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). The paper presents a methodology that provides a Time Division Cluster Scheduling (TDCS) mechanism based on the cyclic extension of RCPS/TC (Resource Constrained Proje ..."
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Cited by 7 (2 self)
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Abstract Cluster scheduling and collision avoidance are crucial issues in large-scale cluster-tree Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). The paper presents a methodology that provides a Time Division Cluster Scheduling (TDCS) mechanism based on the cyclic extension of RCPS/TC (Resource Constrained Project Scheduling with Temporal Constraints) problem for a cluster-tree WSN, assuming bounded communication errors. The objective is to meet all end-to-end deadlines of a predefined set of time-bounded data flows while minimizing the energy consumption of the nodes by setting the TDCS period as long as possible. Sinceeach cluster is active only once during the period, the end-to-end delay of a given flow may span over several periods when there are the flows with opposite direction. The scheduling tool enables system designers to efficiently configure all required parameters of the IEEE 802.15.4/ZigBee beaconenabled cluster-tree WSNs in the network design time. The performance evaluation of thescheduling tool shows that the problems with dozens of nodes can be solved while using optimal solvers. Cluster scheduling and collision avoidance are crucial issues in large-scale cluster-tree Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). The paper presents a methodology that provides a Time Division Cluster Scheduling (TDCS) mechanism based on the cyclic extension of RCPS/TC (Resource Constrained Project Scheduling with Temporal Constraints) problem for a cluster-tree WSN, assuming bounded communication errors. The objective is to meet all end-to-end deadlines of a predefined set of time-bounded data flows while minimizing the energy consumption of the nodes by setting the TDCS period as long as possible. Since each cluster is active only once during the period, the end-to-end delay of a given flow may span over several periods when there are the flows with opposite direction. The scheduling tool enables system designers to efficiently configure all required parameters of the IEEE 802.15.4/ZigBee beacon-enabled cluster-tree WSNs in the network design time. The performance evaluation of the scheduling tool shows that the problems with dozens of nodes can be solved while using optimal solvers.
