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288
The jackknife—a review.
- Biometrika
, 1974
"... The Light Beyond, By Raymond A. Moody, Jr. with Paul Perry. New York, NY: Bantam Books, 1988, 161 pp., $18.95 In his foreword to this book, Andrew Greeley, a prominent priest and sociologist, introduces his comments with the following statement: "Raymond Moody has achieved a rare feat in th ..."
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The Light Beyond, By Raymond A. Moody, Jr. with Paul Perry. New York, NY: Bantam Books, 1988, 161 pp., $18.95 In his foreword to this book, Andrew Greeley, a prominent priest and sociologist, introduces his comments with the following statement: "Raymond Moody has achieved a rare feat in the quest for human knowledge; he has created a paradigm." He then refers to Thomas Kuhn, who pointed out in The Structure of Scientific Revolutions that scientific revolutions occur when someone creates a new perspective, a new model, a new approach to reality. Although Greeley acknowledges that Moody did not discover the near-death experience (NDE), he contends that because Moody put a name to it in his previous bestseller Life After Life (1975), he therefore deserves credit for the new para digm that has evolved. Greeley then refers to The Light Beyond as characterized by Moody's "openness, sensitivity and modesty." This he attributes to Moody's acknowledgement that the NDE does not repre sent proof of life after death; rather, it indicates only the existence and widespread prevalence of the NDE. I must question why Greeley does not comment more on the content of the book, and why Moody felt it was appropriate to be credited with creating a new paradigm. During the last fourteen years since Life
The new look of behavioral genetics in developmental psychopathology: Gene-environment interplay in antisocial behaviors
- Psychological Bulletin
, 2005
"... This article reviews behavioral–genetic research to show how it can help address questions of causation in developmental psychopathology. The article focuses on studies of antisocial behavior, because these have been leading the way in investigating environmental as well as genetic influences on psy ..."
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This article reviews behavioral–genetic research to show how it can help address questions of causation in developmental psychopathology. The article focuses on studies of antisocial behavior, because these have been leading the way in investigating environmental as well as genetic influences on psychopa-thology. First, the article illustrates how behavioral–genetic methods are being newly applied to detect the best candidates for genuine environmental causes among the many risk factors for antisocial behavior. Second, the article examines findings of interaction between genes and environments (G E) associated with antisocial behavior, outlining steps for testing hypotheses of measured G E. Third, the article envisages future work on gene–environment interplay, arguing that it is an interesting and profitable way forward for psychopathology research. Despite assiduous efforts to eliminate it, antisocial behavior is still a problem. Approximately 20 % of people in the developed world experience victimization by perpetrators of violent and nonviolent illegal behavior each year (U.S. Bureau of Justice Statistics, 2002). The World Report on Violence and Health (World Health Organization, 2002) tallies the staggering burden of mortality, disease, disability, and compromised well-being brought about by perpetrators of family violence and other violent crimes. Behavioral science needs to achieve a more complete understand-ing of the causes of antisocial behavior to provide an evidence base for effectively controlling and preventing it. A new wave of intervention research in the past decade has demonstrated clear success for a number of programs designed to prevent antisocial
Introduction to the special section on cognitive abilities: 100 years after Spearman’s
- General intelligence,’objectively determined and measured.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
, 2004
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Examining impulsivity as an endophenotype using a behavioral approach: A DRD2 TaqI A and DRD4 48-bp VNTR association study
- Behav Brain Funct
, 2007
"... © 2007 Eisenberg et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ..."
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© 2007 Eisenberg et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License
Cortical thickness or grey matter volume? The importance of selecting the phenotype for imaging genetics studies. Neuroimage
, 2010
"... Keywords: Brain cortical thickness Brain surface area Heritability Choosing the appropriate neuroimaging phenotype is critical to successfully identify genes that influence brain structure or function. While neuroimaging methods provide numerous potential phenotypes, their role for imaging genetics ..."
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Keywords: Brain cortical thickness Brain surface area Heritability Choosing the appropriate neuroimaging phenotype is critical to successfully identify genes that influence brain structure or function. While neuroimaging methods provide numerous potential phenotypes, their role for imaging genetics studies is unclear. Here we examine the relationship between brain volume, grey matter volume, cortical thickness and surface area, from a genetic standpoint. Four hundred and eighty-six individuals from randomly ascertained extended pedigrees with high-quality T1-weighted neuroanatomic MRI images participated in the study. Surface-based and voxel-based representations of brain structure were derived, using automated methods, and these measurements were analysed using a variance-components method to identify the heritability of these traits and their genetic correlations. All neuroanatomic traits were significantly influenced by genetic factors. Cortical thickness and surface area measurements were found to be genetically and phenotypically independent. While both thickness and area influenced volume measurements of cortical grey matter, volume was more closely related to surface area than cortical thickness. This trend was observed for both the volume-based and surface-based techniques. The results suggest that surface area and cortical thickness measurements should be considered separately and preferred over gray matter volumes for imaging genetic studies.
A Genetically Informed Study of the Processes Underlying the Association Between Parental Marital Instability and Offspring Adjustment
"... Parental divorce is associated with problematic offspring adjustment, but the relation may be due to shared genetic or environmental factors. One way to test for these confounds is to study offspring of twins discordant for divorce. The current analyses used this design to separate the mechanisms re ..."
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Parental divorce is associated with problematic offspring adjustment, but the relation may be due to shared genetic or environmental factors. One way to test for these confounds is to study offspring of twins discordant for divorce. The current analyses used this design to separate the mechanisms responsible for the association between parental divorce, experienced either before or after the age of 16, and offspring well-being. The results were consistent with a causal role of divorce in earlier initiation of sexual intercourse and emotional difficulties, in addition to a greater probability of educational problems, depressed mood, and suicidal ideation. In contrast, the increased risk for cohabitation and earlier initiation of drug use was explained by selection factors, including genetic confounds.
A Nonworkd Repetition Task for Speakers With Misarticulations: The Syllable Repetition Task (SRT
- Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research
"... Purpose: Conceptual and methodological confounds occur when non(sense) word repetition tasks are administered to speakers who do not have the target speech sounds in their phonetic inventories or who habitually misarticulate targeted speech sounds. In this article, the authors (a) describe a nonword ..."
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Cited by 12 (6 self)
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Purpose: Conceptual and methodological confounds occur when non(sense) word repetition tasks are administered to speakers who do not have the target speech sounds in their phonetic inventories or who habitually misarticulate targeted speech sounds. In this article, the authors (a) describe a nonword repetition task, the Syllable Repetiton Task (SRT), that eliminates this confound and (b) report findings from 3 validity studies. Method: Ninety-five preschool children with speech delay and 63 with typical speech completed an assessment battery that included the Nonword Repetition Task (NRT; C. Dollaghan & T. F. Campbell, 1998) and the SRT. SRT stimuli include only 4 of the earliest occurring consonants and 1 early occurring vowel. Results: Study 1 findings indicated that the SRT eliminated the speech confound in nonword testing with speakers who misarticulate. Study 2 findings indicated that the accuracy of the SRT to identify expressive language impairment was comparable to findings for the NRT. Study 3 findings illustrated the SRT’s potential to interrogate speech processing constraints underlying poor nonword repetition accuracy. Results supported both memorial and auditory–perceptual encoding constraints underlying nonword repetition errors in children with speech-language impairment. Conclusion: The SRT appears to be a psychometrically stable and substantively informative nonword repetition task for emerging genetic research and other research with speakers who misarticulate. KEY WORDS: assessment, genetics, memory, speech disorders, endophenotype Findings from the genetics literature continue to support Adams and Gathercole’s (2000) conclusion that poor non(sense)word repetition is a key feature of heritable language impairment. Bishop and colleagues
What causes specific language impairment in children
- Current Directions in Psychological Science
, 2006
"... OnlineOpen: This article is available free online at www.blackwell-synergy.com ABSTRACT—Specific language impairment (SLI) is diag-nosed when a child’s language development is deficient for no obvious reason. For many years, there was a tendency to assume that SLI was caused by factors such as poor ..."
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OnlineOpen: This article is available free online at www.blackwell-synergy.com ABSTRACT—Specific language impairment (SLI) is diag-nosed when a child’s language development is deficient for no obvious reason. For many years, there was a tendency to assume that SLI was caused by factors such as poor parenting, subtle brain damage around the time of birth, or transient hearing loss. Subsequently it became clear that these factors were far less important than genes in deter-mining risk for SLI. A quest to find ‘‘the gene for SLI’ ’ was undertaken, but it soon became apparent that no single cause could account for all cases. Furthermore, although fascinating cases of SLI caused by a single mutation have been discovered, in most children the disorder has a more complex basis, with several genetic and environmental risk factors interacting. The clearest evidence for genetic ef-
Endophenotypes successfully lead to gene identification: Results from the collaborative study on the genetics of alcoholism
- Behavior Genetics
, 2006
"... The use of endophenotypes has been proposed as a strategy to aid gene identification efforts for complex phenotypes [Gottesman, I. I., and Shields J. (1972). Schizophrenia and Genetics: A Twin Study Vantage Point. London: Academic]. As part of the Collaborative Study of the Genetics of Alcoholism (C ..."
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Cited by 9 (1 self)
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The use of endophenotypes has been proposed as a strategy to aid gene identification efforts for complex phenotypes [Gottesman, I. I., and Shields J. (1972). Schizophrenia and Genetics: A Twin Study Vantage Point. London: Academic]. As part of the Collaborative Study of the Genetics of Alcoholism (COGA) project, we have analyzed electrophysiological endophenotypes, in addition to clinical diagnoses, as part of our effort to identify genes involved in the predisposition to alcohol dependence. In this paper we summarize published results from linkage and association analyses of two chromosomal regions in which the use of endophenotypes has successfully led to the identification of genes associated with alcohol
Reaction time performance in ADHD: Improvement under fast-incentive condition and familial effects
- Psychological Medicine
, 2007
"... Background. Reaction time (RT) variability is one of the strongest findings to emerge in cognitive-experimental research of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).We set out to confirm the association between ADHD and slow and variable RTs and investigate the degree to which RT performance ..."
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Background. Reaction time (RT) variability is one of the strongest findings to emerge in cognitive-experimental research of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).We set out to confirm the association between ADHD and slow and variable RTs and investigate the degree to which RT performance improves under fast event rate and incentives. Using a group familial correlation approach, we tested the hypothesis that there are shared familial effects on RT performance and ADHD. Method. A total of 144 ADHD combined-type probands, 125 siblings of the ADHD probands and 60 control participants, ages 6–18, performed a four-choice RT task with baseline and fast-incentive conditions. Results. ADHD was associated with slow and variable RTs, and with greater improvement in speed and RT variability from baseline to fast-incentive condition. RT performance showed shared familial influences with ADHD. Under the assumption that the familial effects represent genetic influences, the proportion of the phenotypic correlation due to shared familial influences was estimated as 60–70%.
