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...th respect to timing, the slower clock speed associated with MK-801 is similar to that observed with dopamine antagonists (Hinton & Meck, 1997; Maricq & Church, 1983; Maricq, Roberts, & Church, 1981; =-=Matell, King, & Meck, 2004-=-; Meck, 1983, 1986, 1996). MK-801 also increases the memory storage constant similar to the increase observed with administration of cholinergic antagonists (Meck, 1983, 1996; Meck & Angell, 1992; Mec...

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...arousal on time perception more directly, administering dopaminergic agentsswas shown to influence time perception in both humans and non-humans (Chiang et al.,s2000; Maricq, Roberts, & Church, 1981; =-=Matell, King, & Meck, 2004-=-).sThese results,showever, may not be directly applicable to our hypothesis because they involve thesperception of experienced time (i.e., time that has actually passed), whereas our interest issin an...

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...ailable reward signal. Importantly, there is no requirement for specialized network structures, such as stimulus85 locked tagged delay lines or phase-locked oscillators, found in many previous models =-=[10, 15, 33, 41]-=- but not known to exist in V1. The recurrent network structure used by RDE to encode temporal durations is similar to that thought to be responsible for creating the persistent activity patterns under...

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...uggesting that their behavior was based on a single, average, expectation. Author's personal copy 34 M.S. Matell, A.M. Henning / Behavioural Processes 95 (2013) 31–39 An averaging of expectations was also seen by Matell and Meck (1999) who examined the temporal control of behavior in rats on a multiple duration peak procedure, in which reinforcement was sometimes available at 10, 30 and 90 s after tone onset on three different response levers. In contrast to other similar procedures with multiple reinforced durations (Fetterman and Killeen, 1995; Gallistel et al., 2004; Leak and Gibbon, 1995; Matell et al., 2004), reinforcement at the shorter durations (i.e., 10 s and 30 s) did not terminate the stimulus, and reinforcement could be earned again on the same trial at a later duration (i.e., 30 s and 90 s). Analysis of peak responding on the 30-s lever showed that the peak occurred at 25 s when no reinforcement occurred at 10 s, but at 35 s when reinforcement was provided at 10 s. Similar results were found for responding on the 90-s lever, as a function of 30 s reinforcement. These data were interpreted as indicating that the rats reset their temporal accumulation processes upon reinforcement, and there...

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...IGURE 1 | Scalar property. (A) Mean lever-press response rate in peak-interval experiments with rats trained with a criterion time of 30 s (left panel), respectively, 90 s (right panel; re-drawn from =-=Matell et al., 2004-=-). When normalized by maximum response rate and by the criterion duration on the horizontal scale, response functions for the two criteria overlap (middle panel). (B) Administration of indirect dopami...

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...E) and dopaminergic (DA) pathways. In turn, both DA and NE modulate the internal clock (Buhusi and Meck, 2010). DA agonists speed-up, and DA antagonists slow-down timing (Buhusi and Meck, 2002, 2005; =-=Matell et al., 2004-=-, 2006; Taylor et al., 2007; Coull et al., 2011). Moreover, NE modulates interval timing in both human participants (Rammsayer et al., 2001) and rodents (Penney et al., 1996). Nevertheless, the specif...

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...eous durations reset the clock used to time the ‘short’ duration, stop the ‘medium’ duration clock, and continue to run the ‘long’ duration clock (Buhusi and Meck, 2009; see also Matell et al., 2006; =-=Matell et al., 2004-=-; Meck, 1987; Meck and Church, 1984). Electrophysiological studies suggest that the duration of a stimulation can be represented by the local neural activity in the sensorimotor area recruited to proc...