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434
A Computational Theory of Executive Cognitive Processes and Multiple-Task Performance: Part 2. . .
- PSYCHOLOGICAL REVIEW
, 1997
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Habit and intention in everyday life: The multiple processes by which past behavior predicts future behavior
- Psychological Bulletin
, 1998
"... Past behavior guides future responses through 2 processes. Well-practiced behaviors in constant contexts recur because the processing that initiates and controls their performance b comes automatic. Frequency of past behavior then reflects habit strength and has a direct effect on future performance ..."
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Cited by 218 (5 self)
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Past behavior guides future responses through 2 processes. Well-practiced behaviors in constant contexts recur because the processing that initiates and controls their performance b comes automatic. Frequency of past behavior then reflects habit strength and has a direct effect on future performance. Alternately, when behaviors are not well learned or when they are performed in unstable or difficult contexts, conscious decision making is likely to be necessary to initiate and carry out the behavior. Under these conditions, past behavior (along with attitudes and subjective norms) may contribute to intentions, and behavior is guided by intentions. These relations between past behavior and future behavior are substantiated in a meta-analytic synthesis of prior research on behavior prediction and in a primary research investigation. In everyday explanations of behavior, habits denote one's customary ways of behaving. Claiming that one performed a behavior because of habit provides an understandable explana-tion for an act that otherwise might seem irrational or even harmful. Habits also are featured in the popular psychology literature in the form of self-help books designed to identify
Human symbol manipulation within an integrated cognitive architecture
- Cognitive Science
, 2005
"... This article describes the Adaptive Control of Thought–Rational (ACT–R) cognitive architecture (Anderson et al., 2004; Anderson & Lebiere, 1998) and its detailed application to the learning of algebraic symbol manipulation. The theory is applied to modeling the data from a study by Qin, Anderson ..."
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Cited by 101 (27 self)
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This article describes the Adaptive Control of Thought–Rational (ACT–R) cognitive architecture (Anderson et al., 2004; Anderson & Lebiere, 1998) and its detailed application to the learning of algebraic symbol manipulation. The theory is applied to modeling the data from a study by Qin, Anderson, Silk, Stenger, & Carter (2004) in which children learn to solve linear equations and perfect their skills over a 6-day period. Functional MRI data show that: (a) a motor region tracks the output of equation solutions, (b) a prefrontal region tracks the retrieval of declarative information, (c) a parietal region tracks the transformation of mental representations of the equation, (d) an anterior cingulate region tracks the setting of goal information to control the information flow, and (e) a caudate region tracks the firing of productions in the ACT–R model. The article concludes with an architectural comparison of the competence children display in this task and the competence that monkeys have shown in tasks that require manipulations of sequences of elements.
Threaded cognition: An integrated theory of concurrent multitasking
- Psychological Review
, 2008
"... The authors propose the idea of threaded cognition, an integrated theory of concurrent multitasking—that is, performing 2 or more tasks at once. Threaded cognition posits that streams of thought can be represented as threads of processing coordinated by a serial procedural resource and executed acro ..."
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Cited by 101 (38 self)
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The authors propose the idea of threaded cognition, an integrated theory of concurrent multitasking—that is, performing 2 or more tasks at once. Threaded cognition posits that streams of thought can be represented as threads of processing coordinated by a serial procedural resource and executed across other available resources (e.g., perceptual and motor resources). The theory specifies a parsimonious mechanism that allows for concurrent execution, resource acquisition, and resolution of resource conflicts, without the need for specialized executive processes. By instantiating this mechanism as a computational model, threaded cognition provides explicit predictions of how multitasking behavior can result in interference, or lack thereof, for a given set of tasks. The authors illustrate the theory in model simulations of several representative domains ranging from simple laboratory tasks such as dual-choice tasks to complex real-world domains such as driving and driver distraction.
Implementation Intentions and Efficient Action Initiation
, 2001
"... Implementation intentions ("If I encounter Situation X, then I'll perform Behavior Y!") are postulated to instigate automatic action initiation (P. M. Gollwitzer, 1993, 1999). In 4 studies, the hypothesis was tested that implementation intentions lead to immediate action initiation on ..."
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Cited by 96 (43 self)
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Implementation intentions ("If I encounter Situation X, then I'll perform Behavior Y!") are postulated to instigate automatic action initiation (P. M. Gollwitzer, 1993, 1999). In 4 studies, the hypothesis was tested that implementation intentions lead to immediate action initiation once the specified situation is encountered, even under conditions of high cognitive load. First, individuals whose action control is known to be hampered by disruptive cognitive business, such as opiate addicts under withdrawal (Study 1) and schizophrenic patients (Study 2), benefited from forming implementation intentions. Second, the beneficial effect of implementation intentions was also found in 2 experiments with university students (Studies 3 and 4) in which cognitive load was experimentally induced by using dual task paradigms. Results of the 4 studies suggest that forming implementation intentions instigates immediate action initiation that is also efficient. The concept of intention is central to theorizing on human goal
Predicting the effects of in-car interface use on driver performance: An integrated model approach
- INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HUMAN-COMPUTER STUDIES
, 2001
"... While researchers have made great strides in evaluating and comparing user interfaces using computational models and frameworks, their work has focused almost exclusively on interfaces that serve as the only or primary task for the user. This paper presents an approach to evaluating and comparing in ..."
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Cited by 89 (29 self)
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While researchers have made great strides in evaluating and comparing user interfaces using computational models and frameworks, their work has focused almost exclusively on interfaces that serve as the only or primary task for the user. This paper presents an approach to evaluating and comparing interfaces that users interact with as secondary tasks while executing a more critical primary task. The approach centers on the integration of two computational behavioral models, one for the primary task and another for the secondary task. The resulting integrated model can then execute both tasks together and generate a priori predictions about the effects of one task on the other. The paper focuses in particular on the domain of driving and the comparison of four dialing interfaces for in-car cellular phones. Using the ACT-R cognitive architecture (Anderson & Lebiere, 1998) as a computational framework, behavioral models for each possible dialing interface were integrated with an existing model of driver behavior (Salvucci, Boer, & Liu, in press). The integrated model predicted that two different manual-dialing interfaces would have significant effects on driver steering performance while two different voice-dialing interfaces would have no significant effect on performance. An empirical study conducted with human drivers in a driving simulator showed that while model and human performance differed with respect to overall magnitudes, the model correctly predicted the overall pattern of effects for human drivers. These results suggest that the integration of computational behavioral models provides a useful, practical method for predicting the effects of secondary-task interface use on primary-task performance.
Modern Computational Perspectives on Executive Mental Processes and Cognitive Control: Where to from Here?
, 2000
"... Formal concepts and algorithms from contemporary computer operating systems can facilitate efforts to precisely characterize the supervisory functions of executive mental processes. In particular, by helping to advance work with the "executive-process interactive control" (EPIC) architectu ..."
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Cited by 77 (7 self)
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Formal concepts and algorithms from contemporary computer operating systems can facilitate efforts to precisely characterize the supervisory functions of executive mental processes. In particular, by helping to advance work with the "executive-process interactive control" (EPIC) architecture, a theoretical framework for computational modeling of human multitask performance, operating system fundamentals provide insights about how people schedule tasks, allocate perceptual-motor resources, and coordinate task processes under both laboratory and real-world conditions. Such insights may lead to discoveries about the acquisition of procedural task knowledge and efficient multitasking skills.
Automatic stimulus–response translation in dualtask performance.
- Journal of Experimental Psychology. Human Perception and Performance,
, 1998
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Simultaneous Dual-Task Performance Reveals Parallel Response Selection after Practice
"... Considerable evidence indicates that a processing bottleneck constrains performance for temporally overlapping tasks by limiting response selection to one response at a time. However, Schumacher et al. (2001) report that dual-task costs are minimal when participants are given practice and instructed ..."
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Cited by 59 (7 self)
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Considerable evidence indicates that a processing bottleneck constrains performance for temporally overlapping tasks by limiting response selection to one response at a time. However, Schumacher et al. (2001) report that dual-task costs are minimal when participants are given practice and instructed to place equal emphasis on the two tasks. We focus on whether such findings are compatible with the operation of an efficient bottleneck. In Experiment 1, participants trained until able to perform both tasks simultaneously without interference. Novel stimulus pairs produced similar reaction times to practiced pairs, demonstrating that the ability did not result from the development of compound stimulus-response associations. Manipulating the relative onset (Exps. 2 and 4) and duration (Exps. 3 and 4) of response selection processes did not lead to dual-task costs. Thus, the results indicate that the two tasks did not share a bottleneck after practice. 2 Performing two tasks at the same time can be extremely difficult. Psychologists have often visited this phenomenon to gain insight into the limits of human cognition. Why should the brain, considered the paragon of distributed computation, be so resistant to processing multiple, independent tasks in a parallel fashion? While the dominant finding is that simultaneous execution leads to dramatic decrements in the performance of one or both tasks (see Pashler, 1998), some important exceptions to this principle have been described (e.g. Spelke, Hirst and Neisser, 1976). However, in many of these exceptional cases, the level of analysis is not sufficiently sensitive to provide answers about how proficient dual-task performance is achieved. That is, the timing of the two tasks is not adequately controlled to determine whether crit...
