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TCP and Explicit Congestion Notification
- In: ACM Computer Communication Review, V. 24 N
, 1994
"... This paper discusses the use of Explicit Congestion Notification (ECN) mechanisms in the TCP/IP protocol. The first part proposes new guidelines for TCP’s response to ECN mechanisms (e.g., Source Quench packets, ECN fields in packet headers). Next, using simulations, we explore the benefits and draw ..."
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Cited by 636 (13 self)
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This paper discusses the use of Explicit Congestion Notification (ECN) mechanisms in the TCP/IP protocol. The first part proposes new guidelines for TCP’s response to ECN mechanisms (e.g., Source Quench packets, ECN fields in packet headers). Next, using simulations, we explore the benefits and drawbacks of ECN in TCP/IP networks. Our simulations use RED gateways modified to set an ECN bit in the IP packet header as an indication of congestion, with Reno-style TCP modified to respond to ECN as well as to packet drops as indications of congestion. The simulations show that one advantage of ECN mechanisms is in avoiding unnecessary packet drops, and therefore avoiding unnecessary delay for packets from low-bandwidth delay-sensitive TCP connections. A second advantage of ECN mechanisms is in networks (generally LANs) where the effectiveness of TCP retransmit timers is limited by the coarse granularity of the TCP clock. The paper also discusses some implementation issues concerning specific ECN mechanisms in TCP/IP networks.
Link-Sharing and Resource Management Models for Packet Networks
, 1995
"... This paper discusses the use of link-sharing mechanisms in packet networks and presents algorithms for hierarchical link-sharing. Hierarchical link-sharing allows multiple agencies, protocol families, or traflic types to share the bandwidth on a tink in a controlled fashion. Link-sharing and real-t ..."
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Cited by 618 (12 self)
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This paper discusses the use of link-sharing mechanisms in packet networks and presents algorithms for hierarchical link-sharing. Hierarchical link-sharing allows multiple agencies, protocol families, or traflic types to share the bandwidth on a tink in a controlled fashion. Link-sharing and real-time services both require resource management mechanisms at the gateway. Rather than requiring a gateway to implement separate mechanisms for link-sharing and real-time services, the approach in this paper is to view link-sharing and real-time service requirements as simultaneous, and in some respect complementary, constraints at a gateway that can be implemented with a unified set of mechanisms. White it is not possible to completely predict the requirements that might evolve in the Internet over the next decade, we argue that controlled link-sharing is an essential component that can provide gateways with the flexibility to
TCP Vegas: End to End Congestion Avoidance on a Global Internet
, 2006
"... Vegas is an implementation of TCP that achieves between 37 and 71 % better throughput on the Internet, with one-fifth to one-half the losses, as compared to the implementation of TCP in the Reno distribution of BSD Unix. This paper motivates and describes the three key techniques employed by Vegas, ..."
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Cited by 522 (5 self)
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Vegas is an implementation of TCP that achieves between 37 and 71 % better throughput on the Internet, with one-fifth to one-half the losses, as compared to the implementation of TCP in the Reno distribution of BSD Unix. This paper motivates and describes the three key techniques employed by Vegas, and presents the results of a comprehensive experimental performance study—using both simulations and measurements on the Internet—of the Vegas and Reno implementations of TCP.
Pricing congestible network resources
- IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications
, 1995
"... We describe the basic economic theory of pricing a congestible resource such as an ftp server, a router, a Web site, etc. In particular, we examine the implications of “congestion pricing” as a way to encourage efficient use of network resources. We explore the implications of flat pricing and conge ..."
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Cited by 323 (8 self)
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We describe the basic economic theory of pricing a congestible resource such as an ftp server, a router, a Web site, etc. In particular, we examine the implications of “congestion pricing” as a way to encourage efficient use of network resources. We explore the implications of flat pricing and congestion pricing for capacity expansion in centrally planned, competitive, and monopolistic environments.
Providing Guaranteed Services Without Per Flow Management
"... Existing approaches for providing guaranteed services require routers to manage per flow states and perform per ow operations [9, 21]. Such a stateful network architecture is less scalable and robust than stateless network architectures like the original IP and the recently proposed Diffserv [3]. Ho ..."
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Cited by 303 (4 self)
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Existing approaches for providing guaranteed services require routers to manage per flow states and perform per ow operations [9, 21]. Such a stateful network architecture is less scalable and robust than stateless network architectures like the original IP and the recently proposed Diffserv [3]. However, services provided with current stateless solutions, Diffserv included, have lower exibility, utilization, and/or assurance level as compared to the services that can be provided with per flow mechanisms. In this paper, we propose techniques that do not require per flow management (either control or data planes) at core routers, but can implement guaranteed services with levels of exibility, utilization, and assurance similar to those that can be provided with per flow mechanisms. In this way we can simultaneously achieve high quality of service, high scalability and robustness. The key technique we use is called Dynamic Packet State (DPS), which provides a lightweight and robust mechanism for routers to coordinate actions and implement distributed algorithms. We present an implementation of the proposed algorithms that has minimum incompatibility with IPv4.
Internet QoS: A Big Picture
, 1999
"... In this article we present a framework for the emerging Internet quality of service (QoS). All the important components of this framework --- integrated services, RSVP, differentiated services, multiprotocol label switching (MPLS), and constraintbased routing --- are covered. We describe what integr ..."
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Cited by 290 (2 self)
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In this article we present a framework for the emerging Internet quality of service (QoS). All the important components of this framework --- integrated services, RSVP, differentiated services, multiprotocol label switching (MPLS), and constraintbased routing --- are covered. We describe what integrated services and differentiated services are, how they can be implemented, and the problems they have. We then describe why MPLS and constraint-based routing have been introduced into this framework, how they differ from and relate to each other, and where they fit into the differentiated services architecture. Two likely service architectures are presented, and the end-to-end service deliveries in these two architectures are illustrated. We also compare ATM networks to router networks with differentiated services and MPLS. Putting all these together, we give the readers a grasp of the big picture of the emerging Internet QoS. 12 IEEE Network . March/April 1999 9 and differenti...
Performance Guarantees for Web Server End-Systems: A Control-Theoretical Approach
- IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems
, 2001
"... The Internet is undergoing substantial changes from a communication and browsing infrastructure to a medium for conducting business and marketing a myriad of services. The World Wide Web provides a uniform and widely-accepted application interface used by these services to reach multitudes of client ..."
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Cited by 271 (19 self)
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The Internet is undergoing substantial changes from a communication and browsing infrastructure to a medium for conducting business and marketing a myriad of services. The World Wide Web provides a uniform and widely-accepted application interface used by these services to reach multitudes of clients. These changes place the web server at the center of a gradually emerging eservice infrastructure with increasing requirements for service quality and reliability guarantees in an unpredictable and highly-dynamic environment.
RTP profile for audio and video conferences with minimal control
, 2000
"... This document is an Internet-Draft. Internet-Drafts are working ..."
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Cited by 261 (28 self)
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This document is an Internet-Draft. Internet-Drafts are working
Pricing in Computer Networks: Reshaping the Research Agenda
- ACM Computer Communication Review
, 1996
"... As the Internet makes the transition from research testbed to commercial enterprise, the topic of pricing in computer networks has suddenly attracted great attention. Much of the discussion in the network design community and the popular press centers on the usage-based vs. fiat pricing debate. The ..."
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Cited by 236 (2 self)
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As the Internet makes the transition from research testbed to commercial enterprise, the topic of pricing in computer networks has suddenly attracted great attention. Much of the discussion in the network design community and the popular press centers on the usage-based vs. fiat pricing debate. The more academic literature has largely focused on devising optimal pricing policies; achieving optimal welfare requires charging marginal congestion costs for usage. In this paper we critique this optimality paradigm on three grounds: (1) marginal cost prices may not produce sufficient revenue to fully recover costs and so are perhaps of limited relevance, (2) congestion costs are inherently inaccessible to the network and so cannot reliably form the basis for pricing, and (3) there are other, more structural, goals besides optimality, and some of these goals are incompatible with the global uniformity required for optimal pricing schemes. For these reasons, we contend that the research agenda on pricing in computer network should shift away from the optimality paradigm and focus more on structural and architectural issues. Such issues include allowing local control of pricing policies,
