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85
High self-control predicts good adjustment, less pathology, better grades, and interpersonal success
- Journal of Personality
, 2004
"... ABSTRACT What good is self-control? We incorporated a new measure of individual differences in self-control into two large investigations of a broad spectrum of behaviors. The new scale showed good internal consistency and retest reliability. Higher scores on self-control correlated with a higher gr ..."
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Cited by 257 (18 self)
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ABSTRACT What good is self-control? We incorporated a new measure of individual differences in self-control into two large investigations of a broad spectrum of behaviors. The new scale showed good internal consistency and retest reliability. Higher scores on self-control correlated with a higher grade point average, better adjustment (fewer reports of psychopathology, higher self-esteem), less binge eating and alcohol abuse, better relationships and interpersonal skills, secure attachment, and more optimal emotional responses. Tests for curvilinearity failed to indicate any drawbacks of so-called overcontrol, and the positive effects remained after controlling for social desirability. Low self-control is thus a significant risk factor for a broad range of personal and interpersonal problems.
What do we know when we know a person
- Journal of Personality
, 1995
"... ABSTRACT Individual differences in personality may be described at three different levels. Level I consists of those broad, decontextualized, and rela-tively nonconditional constructs called "traits, " which provide a dispositional signature for personality description. No description of a ..."
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Cited by 93 (11 self)
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ABSTRACT Individual differences in personality may be described at three different levels. Level I consists of those broad, decontextualized, and rela-tively nonconditional constructs called "traits, " which provide a dispositional signature for personality description. No description of a person is adequate without trait attributions, but trait attributions themselves yield little beyond a "psychology ofthe stranger. " At Level II (called "personal concems"), per-sonality descriptions invoke personal strivings, life tasks, defense mechanisms, coping strategies, domain-specific skills and values, and a wide assortment of other motivational, developmental, or strategic constructs that are contextual-ized in time, place, or role. While dispositional traits and personal concerns appear to have near-universal applicability. Level III presents frameworks and constructs that may be uniquely relevant to adulthood only, and perhaps only within modern societies that put a premium on the individuation of the self. Thus, in contemporary Western societies, a full description of personality commonly requires a consideration of the extent to which a human life ex-presses unity and purpose, which are the hallmarks of identity. Identity in adulthood is an inner story of the self that integrates the reconstmcted past, perceived present, and anticipated future to provide a life with unity, purpose, and meaning. At Level III, psychologists may explore the person's identity as an internalized and evolving life story. Each of the three levels has its own geography and requires its own indigenous nomenclatures, taxonomies, theories, frameworks, and laws. One of the great social rituals in the lives of middle-class American famihes is "the drive home. " The ritual comes in many different forms. Preparation of this manuscript was aided by a grant from the Spencer Foundation. I would like to thank David Watson, Jeff McCrae, and Bob Emmons for their helpful comments on an early draft of this article. Correspondence should be addressed to
Adult attachment security and symptoms of depression: The mediating roles of dysfunctional attitudes and low self-esteem
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
, 1996
"... Three studies nvestigated the relation between adult attachment security and symptoms of depre-sion. Study 1 examined the overall magnitude of the association between adult attachment and depression, and Studies 2 and 3 tested whether this relation was mediated by dysfunctional attitudes and low sel ..."
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Cited by 60 (2 self)
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Three studies nvestigated the relation between adult attachment security and symptoms of depre-sion. Study 1 examined the overall magnitude of the association between adult attachment and depression, and Studies 2 and 3 tested whether this relation was mediated by dysfunctional attitudes and low self-esteem. Results from the three studies were consistent with a mediation model. This model suggests hat insecure adult attachment styles are associated with dysfunctional attitudes, which in turn predispose to lower levels of self-esteem. Such depletions in self-esteem are directly associated with increases in depressive symptoms over time. Insecure attachment appears to lead to depressive symptoms in adulthood through its impact on self-worth contingencies and self-esteem. It has become increasingly clear that depression i volves both interpersonal nd cognitive dysfunctions that are hypothesized to play a crucial role in the etiology and maintenance of the
The internal working models concept: What do we really know about the self in relation to others.
- Review of General Psychology,
, 2000
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Attachment and exploration in adulthood
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
, 2003
"... In the present work, the relationship between attachment and exploration in adulthood is examined from both theoretical and empirical standpoints. Theoretically, attachment theory’s exploration system is linked to R. W. White’s (1959) concept of effectance motivation, and to the motive and goals con ..."
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Cited by 39 (8 self)
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In the present work, the relationship between attachment and exploration in adulthood is examined from both theoretical and empirical standpoints. Theoretically, attachment theory’s exploration system is linked to R. W. White’s (1959) concept of effectance motivation, and to the motive and goals constructs that are central to the achievement motivation literature. Empirically, 4 studies are presented that document a link between adult attachment (operationalized using categorical, continuous, and dimen-sional measures) and achievement motives (need for achievement and fear of failure) and achievement goals (mastery-approach, mastery-avoidance, performance-approach, performance-avoidance, and ap-proach relative to avoidance personal strivings). Mediational analyses establish the role of challenge construal, threat construal, and competence valuation in accounting for the observed relationships. Attachment theory is fundamentally grounded in a “control system ” model of motivation (Bowlby, 1969, 1988). Drawing on ethological and evolutionary principles, Bowlby (1969, 1988) pos-ited the existence of several innate behavioral control systems that serve the biological function of survival and procreation. Two such behavioral control systems (and, arguably, the two most central in
Psychosocial vulnerability from adolescence to adulthood: A prospective study of attachment style differences in relationship functioning and partner choice
- Journal of Personality
, 2002
"... ABSTRACT Using a prospective research design, this study explored whether attachment style during adolescence forecasts the nature and quality of romantic relationships in early adulthood and investigated two general pathways for explaining these effects. Black and White community residents ..."
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Cited by 18 (0 self)
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ABSTRACT Using a prospective research design, this study explored whether attachment style during adolescence forecasts the nature and quality of romantic relationships in early adulthood and investigated two general pathways for explaining these effects. Black and White community residents
Adult attachment styles: Their relations to family context and personality
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
, 1998
"... All in-text references underlined in blue are linked to publications on ResearchGate, letting you access and read them immediately. ..."
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Cited by 17 (0 self)
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All in-text references underlined in blue are linked to publications on ResearchGate, letting you access and read them immediately.
The Adult Attachment Interview and questionnaires for attachment style, temperament, and memories of parental behavior
- Journal of Genetic Psychology
, 1994
"... ABSTRACT. Relations between Adult Attachment Interview (AAI) outcomes and data from questionnaires on attachment style, temperament,and memories of paren-tal caregiving behavior were investigated to examine theoretical and methodological specificity of the AAI. The participants were 83 mothers of 1- ..."
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Cited by 9 (2 self)
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ABSTRACT. Relations between Adult Attachment Interview (AAI) outcomes and data from questionnaires on attachment style, temperament,and memories of paren-tal caregiving behavior were investigated to examine theoretical and methodological specificity of the AAI. The participants were 83 mothers of 1-year-olds. No differ-ences between the three AAI classifications (autonomous, dismissing, or preoccupied) were found. Correlations between scales yielded few significant relations, with the exception of strong relations between some AAI scales for experiences and self-reported memories of parental behavior. The self-report questionnaires for attach-ment style and memories of parental behavior were therefore found to be not suitable for obtaining Information about attachment working models äs assessed by the AAI. Furthermore, attachment working models appear independent of temperament. ALTHOUGH BOWLBY (1969) conceived of attachment theory äs covering life-span personality development, attachment research has focused mainly on the first years of life. The introduction of a Standard observation proce-dure for the assessment of attachment relationships between babies and their attachment figures (the Strange Situation: Ainsworth, Blehar, Waters, & Wall, 1978) led to an explosion of research in that area. However, halfway
The second face of trust: Reflections on the dark side of interpersonal trust
- in organizations. Research on Negotiation in Organization 6
, 1997
"... Every truth has two sides. It is well to look at both sides before we commit ourselves to either Aesop Oftentimes, to win us to our h a m, the instruments of darkness tell us truths, win us with honest tri$es, to betray S in deepest consequence (Macbeth, Act I, Sc. 3, line 123). Management scholars ..."
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Cited by 7 (0 self)
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Every truth has two sides. It is well to look at both sides before we commit ourselves to either Aesop Oftentimes, to win us to our h a m, the instruments of darkness tell us truths, win us with honest tri$es, to betray S in deepest consequence (Macbeth, Act I, Sc. 3, line 123). Management scholars and professionals agree on the importance of interpersonal trust relationships in organizations-trust is good, desirable, even essential, for organizations to function properly (Shaw, 1997; Kramer & Tyler, 1996; Arrow, 1974; Thompson, 1967). For organizations, trust relationships can enhance levels of coordination and efficiency (Bradach & Eccles, 1989; Pennings & Woiceshyn,
The attachment paradox: How can so many of us (the insecure ones) have no adaptive advantages
- Perspectives on Psychological Science
, 2010
"... Bowlby’s (1969/1982) attachment theory has generated an enormous body of research and conceptual elaborations. Although attachment theory and research propose that attachment security provides a person with many adaptive advantages during all phases of the life cycle, numerous studies indicate that ..."
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Cited by 6 (3 self)
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Bowlby’s (1969/1982) attachment theory has generated an enormous body of research and conceptual elaborations. Although attachment theory and research propose that attachment security provides a person with many adaptive advantages during all phases of the life cycle, numerous studies indicate that almost half of the human species can be classified as insecurely attached or insecure with respect to attachment. It seems odd that evolution left humans in this vulnerable position unless there are some advantages, under at least some conditions, to anxious and avoidant attachment styles. We argue that a social group containing members with different attachment patterns may be more conducive to survival than a homogeneous group of securely attached individuals. In making this argument, we extend the scope of attachment theory and research by considering a broader range of adaptive functions of insecure attachment strategies. We also present preliminary data to support our argument. Keywords attachment theory, social defense theory, insecure Bowlby’s (1969/1982, 1973, 1980) attachment theory postu-lates an inborn behavioral system that emerged as an adaptation over the course of mammalian evolution. Because human
