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Testing a tripartite model: Evaluating the convergent and discriminant validity of anxiety and depression symptom scales
- Journal of Abnormal Psychology
, 1995
"... L. A. Clark and D. Watson (1991) proposed a tripartite model that groups symptoms of depression and anxiety into 3 subtypes: symptoms of general distress that are largely nonspecific, manifestations of somatic tension and arousal that are relatively unique to anxiety, and symptoms of anhedonia and l ..."
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Cited by 148 (1 self)
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L. A. Clark and D. Watson (1991) proposed a tripartite model that groups symptoms of depression and anxiety into 3 subtypes: symptoms of general distress that are largely nonspecific, manifestations of somatic tension and arousal that are relatively unique to anxiety, and symptoms of anhedonia and low Positive Affect that are specific to depression. This model was tested in 5 samples (3 student, 1 adult, and 1 patient sample) using the Mood and Anxiety Symptom Questionnaire (MASQ; D. Watson & L. A. Clark, 1991), which was designed to assess the hypothesized symptom groups, together with other symptom and cognition measures. Consistent with the tripartite model, the MASQ Anxious Arousal and Anhedonic Depression scales both differentiated anxiety and depres-sion well and also showed excellent convergent validity. Thus, differentiation of these constructs can be improved by focusing on symptoms that are relatively unique to each. Phenomenologically, anxiety and depression are clearly dis-tinct from one another. Anxiety is centered on the emotion of fear and involves feelings of worry, apprehension, and dread; in contrast, depression is dominated by the emotion of sadness and is associated with feelings of sorrow, hopelessness, and gloom (Izard, 1972; Watson & Kendall, 1989). Nevertheless, de-spite their seeming distinctiveness, it has proven difficult to dis-tinguish these constructs empirically (Clark & Watson, 1991; Kendall & Watson, 1989; Maser & Cloninger, 1990). Many studies have shown that self-report measures of anxiety and depression are highly correlated, with coefficients typically in the.45 to.75 range (Clark & Watson, 1991). This finding is robust across normal individuals of differing ages, including college students (e.g., Gotlib, 1984; Tanaka-Matsumi & Ka-
A study of the frequency of self-mutilation in a community sample of adolescents
- Journal of Youth and Adolescence
, 2002
"... Currently little research exists examining self-mutilation (SM) in community samples of adolescents, despite tentative findings suggesting that self-harming behaviors, including SM may be increasing. The present study provides a comprehensive review of previous literature on the frequency of SM as w ..."
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Cited by 103 (2 self)
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Currently little research exists examining self-mutilation (SM) in community samples of adolescents, despite tentative findings suggesting that self-harming behaviors, including SM may be increasing. The present study provides a comprehensive review of previous literature on the frequency of SM as well as preliminary epidemiological data concerning the frequency of SM in a community sample of high schools students. The relationship between SM, anxiety, and depressive symptomatology was also assessed. Four hundred and forty students from two schools, an urban and a suburban high school, were given a screening measure designed to assess for SM. Students who indicated that they hurt themselves on purpose also participated in a follow-up interview. Based on interviews it was found that 13.9 % of all students reported having engaged in SM behavior at some time. Girls reported significantly higher rates of SM than did boys (64 vs. 36%, respectively). Self-cutting was found to be the most common type of SM, followed by self-hitting, pinching, scratching, and biting. Finally, students who self-mutilate reported significantly more anxiety and depressive symptomatology than students who did not self-mutilate. Results are also presented concerning demographic information and patterns of SM behavior. KEY WORDS: self-mutilation; self-harm; adolescents; anxiety; depression.
Measuring empathy: Reliability and validity of the empathy quotient
- Psychological Medicine
, 2004
"... Background. Empathy plays a key role in social understanding, but its empirical measurement has proved difficult. The Empathy Quotient (EQ) is a self-report scale designed to do just that. This series of four studies examined the reliability and validity of the EQ and determined its factor structure ..."
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Cited by 67 (8 self)
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Background. Empathy plays a key role in social understanding, but its empirical measurement has proved difficult. The Empathy Quotient (EQ) is a self-report scale designed to do just that. This series of four studies examined the reliability and validity of the EQ and determined its factor structure. Method. In Study 1, 53 people completed the EQ, Social Desirability Scale (SDS) and a non-verbal mental state inference test, the Eyes Task. In Study 2, a principal components analysis (PCA) was conducted on data from 110 healthy individuals and 62 people reporting depersonalisation (DPD). Approximately 1 year later, Study 3, involved the re-administration of the EQ (n=24) along with the Interpersonal Reactivity Index (IRI; n=28). In the last study, the EQ scores of those with DPD, a condition that includes a subjective lack of empathy, were examined in depth. Results. An association was found between the Eyes task and EQ, and only three EQ items corre-lated with the SDS. PCA revealed three factors: (1) ‘cognitive empathy ’ ; (2) ‘emotional reactivity’, and (3) ‘social skills ’. Test–retest reliability was good and moderate associations were found between the EQ and IRI subscales, suggesting concurrent validity. People with DPD did not show a global empathy deficit, but reported less social competence. Conclusions. The EQ is a valid, reliable scale and the different subscales may have clinical applications.
A meta-analysis of massage therapy research
- Pscyhological Bulletin
, 2004
"... Massage therapy (MT) is an ancient form of treatment that is now gaining popularity as part of the complementary and alternative medical therapy movement. A meta-analysis was conducted of studies that used random assignment to test the effectiveness of MT. Mean effect sizes were calculated from 37 s ..."
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Cited by 60 (0 self)
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Massage therapy (MT) is an ancient form of treatment that is now gaining popularity as part of the complementary and alternative medical therapy movement. A meta-analysis was conducted of studies that used random assignment to test the effectiveness of MT. Mean effect sizes were calculated from 37 studies for 9 dependent variables. Single applications of MT reduced state anxiety, blood pressure, and heart rate but not negative mood, immediate assessment of pain, and cortisol level. Multiple applications reduced delayed assessment of pain. Reductions of trait anxiety and depression were MT’s largest effects, with a course of treatment providing benefits similar in magnitude to those of psychotherapy. No moderators were statistically significant, though continued testing is needed. The limitations of a medical model of MT are discussed, and it is proposed that new MT theories and research use a psychotherapy perspective. Massage therapy (MT), the manual manipulation of soft tissue intended to promote health and well-being, has a history extending back several thousand years. Recorded in writing as far back as 2000 B.C. (Fritz, 2000, p. 13), massage was a part of many ancient cultures including that of the Chinese, Egyptians, Greeks, Hindus,
Sexual assault experience in adulthood and prior victimization experiences: A prospective analysis
- Psychological of Women Quarterly
, 1993
"... Several retrospective investigations of sexual assault have assessed the extent to which a sexual victimization experience early in life is a risk factor for a subsequent victimization experience. The present investiga-tion was an attempt to extend previous work by conducting a prospec-tive analysis ..."
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Cited by 59 (6 self)
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Several retrospective investigations of sexual assault have assessed the extent to which a sexual victimization experience early in life is a risk factor for a subsequent victimization experience. The present investiga-tion was an attempt to extend previous work by conducting a prospec-tive analysis of sexual assault in a sample of 857 college women to assess the pathways through which victimization experiences become linked. The design was such that both victims ’ and nonvictims ’ history of child and adolescent sexual victimization experiences were assessed prior to their most recent assault experience. Psychological functioning was also assessed utilizing standardized measures of depression and anxiety. After the assault experience, psychological functioning of vic-tims was reassessed, and nonvictims were reassessed after a comparable period of time. Results of the path analysis indicated that a sexual victim-ization early in life i s a risk factor for an adult victimization experience. Furthermore, the results revealed a link between psychological function-ing and victimization experiences. The discussion emphasizes clinical implications of these findings and suggested avenues for future research. Over the past 20 years, research has substantiated the finding that sexual aggression against women is pervasive in our society (Burnam et al., 1988;
The Infant–Toddler Social and Emotional Assessment (ITSEA). Unpublished Manual
- University of Massachusetts Boston Department of Psychology, Boston, MA. Yale University
, 2000
"... In this paper the refinement and psychometric properties of the Infant–Toddler Social and Emotional Assessment (ITSEA) are described. Results from a sociodemographically diverse birth cohort sample of 1,235 parents of children between the ages of 12 and 36 months are presented. Confirmatory factor a ..."
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Cited by 57 (7 self)
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In this paper the refinement and psychometric properties of the Infant–Toddler Social and Emotional Assessment (ITSEA) are described. Results from a sociodemographically diverse birth cohort sample of 1,235 parents of children between the ages of 12 and 36 months are presented. Confirmatory factor analyses supported the hypothesized Internalizing, Externalizing, Regulatory, and Competence do-mains as well as the 17 individual scales that comprise the ITSEA. Findings for 3 additional indices useful in identifying significant psychopathology are presented. Subgroup analyses revealed structural invariance and expected mean level differences across both child sex and 6-month age bands. Child sex differences emerged for some problem and most competence scales, with boys rated as higher on Activity/Impulsivity and girls rated higher on Anxiety and most Competence scales. All competence scores increased across age groups. Problem behaviors showed a more mixed developmental pattern. Test–retest and interrater reliability were acceptable. Associations between the ITSEA and indepen-dent evaluator ratings and parental ratings of child behavior problems, temperament, and parental distress support the validity of the instrument. KEY WORDS: behavior problems; social–emotional competencies; infant; assessment; scale development. In this paper, the refinement of a recently developed
Behavioral activation and inhibition systems and the severity and course of depression
- Journal of Abnormal Psychology
, 2002
"... Theorists have proposed that depression is associated with abnormalities in the behavioral activation (BAS) and behavioral inhibition (BIS) systems. In particular, depressed individuals are hypothesized to exhibit deficient BAS and overactive BIS functioning. Self-reported levels of BAS and BIS were ..."
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Cited by 47 (1 self)
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Theorists have proposed that depression is associated with abnormalities in the behavioral activation (BAS) and behavioral inhibition (BIS) systems. In particular, depressed individuals are hypothesized to exhibit deficient BAS and overactive BIS functioning. Self-reported levels of BAS and BIS were examined in 62 depressed participants and 27 nondepressed controls. Clinical functioning was assessed at intake and at 8-month follow-up. Relative to nondepressed controls, depressed participants reported lower BAS levels and higher BIS levels. Within the depressed group, lower BAS levels were associated with greater concurrent depression severity and predicted worse 8-month outcome. Levels of both BIS and BAS showed considerable stability over time and clinical state. Overall, results suggest that BAS dysregulation exacerbates the presentation and course of depressive illness. In recent years there has been converging evidence from biological, neurological, and psychosocial investigations that several forms of psychopathology are characterized by specific patterns of deficits in approach- and withdrawal-related behavior (e.g., Arnett, Smith, & Newman, 1997; Rosenbaum et al., 2000). In general, research in this area has focused on the relation of Gray’s (1973)
Role of stress, arousal, and coping skills in primary insomnia
- Psychosom. Med
"... Objective: Although stress is often presumed to cause sleep disturbances, little research has documented the role of stressful life events in primary insomnia. The present study examined the relationship of stress and coping skills, and the potential mediating role of presleep arousal, to sleep patt ..."
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Cited by 40 (0 self)
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Objective: Although stress is often presumed to cause sleep disturbances, little research has documented the role of stressful life events in primary insomnia. The present study examined the relationship of stress and coping skills, and the potential mediating role of presleep arousal, to sleep patterns in good sleepers and insomnia sufferers. Methods: The sample was composed of 67 participants (38 women, 29 men; mean age, 39.6 years), 40 individuals with insomnia and 27 good sleepers. Subjects completed prospective, daily measures of stressful events, presleep arousal, and sleep for 21 consecutive days. In addition, they completed several retrospective and global measures of depression, anxiety, stressful life events, and coping skills. Results: The results showed that poor and good sleepers reported equivalent numbers of minor stressful life events. However, insomniacs rated both the impact of daily minor stressors and the intensity of major negative life events higher than did good sleepers. In addition, insomniacs perceived their lives as more stressful, relied more on emotion-oriented coping strategies, and reported greater presleep arousal than good sleepers. Prospective daily data showed significant relationships between daytime stress and nighttime sleep, but presleep arousal and coping skills played an important mediating role. Conclusions: The findings suggest that the appraisal of stressors and the perceived lack of control over stressful events, rather than the number of stressful events per se, enhance the vulnerability to insomnia. Arousal and coping skills play an important mediating role between stress and sleep. The main implication of these results is that insomnia treatments should incorporate clinical methods designed to teach effective stress appraisal and coping skills. Key words: insomnia, sleep disturbance, stress, coping skills. ANCOVA � analysis of covariance; ANOVA � analysis
Deliberate self-harm in a nonclinical population: Prevalence and psychological correlates
- American Journal of Psychiatry
, 2003
"... harm (intentionally injuring oneself with-out suicidal intent) has focused on clinical and forensic populations. Studying only these populations, which typically have se-rious psychopathology, may lead to in-flated estimates of the association be-tween self-harm and psychiatric disorder, as well as ..."
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Cited by 38 (6 self)
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harm (intentionally injuring oneself with-out suicidal intent) has focused on clinical and forensic populations. Studying only these populations, which typically have se-rious psychopathology, may lead to in-flated estimates of the association be-tween self-harm and psychiatric disorder, as well as of the prevalence of deliberate self-harm. The present study investigated the prevalence and correlates of deliber-ate self-harm in a large group of nonclini-cal subjects. Method: Participants were 1,986 military recruits, 62 % of whom were men, who were participating in a study of peer
Replicating Milgram: would people still obey today
- American Psychologist
, 2009
"... for useful comparisons with the original investigations while protecting the well-being of participants. Seventy adults participated in a replication of Milgram’s Experi-ment 5 up to the point at which they first heard the learn-er’s verbal protest (150 volts). Because 79 % of Milgram’s participants ..."
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Cited by 38 (2 self)
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for useful comparisons with the original investigations while protecting the well-being of participants. Seventy adults participated in a replication of Milgram’s Experi-ment 5 up to the point at which they first heard the learn-er’s verbal protest (150 volts). Because 79 % of Milgram’s participants who went past this point continued to the end of the shock generator’s range, reasonable estimates could be made about what the present participants would have done if allowed to continue. Obedience rates in the 2006 replication were only slightly lower than those Milgram found 45 years earlier. Contrary to expectation, partici-pants who saw a confederate refuse the experimenter’s instructions obeyed as often as those who saw no model. Men and women did not differ in their rates of obedience, but there was some evidence that individual differences in empathic concern and desire for control affected partici-pants ’ responses.
