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Programming Wireless Sensor Networks: Fundamental Concepts and State-of-the-Art
"... Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are attracting great interest in a number of application domains concerned with monitoring and control of physical phenomena, as they enable dense and untethered deployments at low cost and with unprecedented flexibility. However, application development is still one ..."
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Cited by 81 (12 self)
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Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are attracting great interest in a number of application domains concerned with monitoring and control of physical phenomena, as they enable dense and untethered deployments at low cost and with unprecedented flexibility. However, application development is still one of the main hurdles to a wide adoption of WSN technology. In current real-world WSN deployments, programming is typically carried out very close to the operating system, therefore requiring the programmer to focus on low-level system issues. This not only shifts the focus of the programmer away from the application logic, but also requires a technical background that is rarely found among application domain experts. The need for appropriate high-level programming abstractions, capable to simplify the programming chore without sacrificing efficiency, has been long recognized and several solutions have been hitherto proposed, which differ along many dimensions. In this paper, we survey the state-of-the-art in programming approaches for WSNs. We begin by presenting a taxonomy of WSN applications, to identify the fundamental requirements programming platforms must deal with. Then, we introduce a taxonomy of WSN programming approaches that captures the fundamental differences among existing solutions, and constitutes the core contribution of this paper. Our presentation style relies on concrete examples and code snippets taken from programming platforms representative of the taxonomy dimensions being discussed. We use the taxonomy to provide an exhaustive classification of existing approaches. Moreover, we also map existing approaches back to the application requirements, therefore providing not only a complete view of the state-of-the-art, but also useful insights for selecting the programming abstraction most appropriate to the application at hand.
A Survey on Wireless Body Area Networks
- WIRELESS NETWORKS
, 2010
"... The increasing use of wireless networks and the constant miniaturization of electrical devices has empowered the development of Wireless Body Area Networks (WBANs). In these networks various sensors are attached on clothing or on the body or even implanted under the skin. The wireless nature of the ..."
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Cited by 52 (0 self)
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The increasing use of wireless networks and the constant miniaturization of electrical devices has empowered the development of Wireless Body Area Networks (WBANs). In these networks various sensors are attached on clothing or on the body or even implanted under the skin. The wireless nature of the network and the wide variety of sensors offer numerous new, practical and innovative applications to improve health care and the Quality of Life. The sensors of a WBAN measure for example the heartbeat, the body temperature or record a prolonged electrocardiogram. Using a WBAN, the patient experiences a greater physical mobility and is no longer compelled to stay in the hospital. This paper offers a survey of the concept of Wireless Body Area Networks. First, we focus on some applications with special interest in patient monitoring. Then the communication in a WBAN and its positioning between the different technologies is discussed. An overview of the current research on the physical layer, existing MAC and network protocols is given. Further, cross layer and quality of service is discussed. As WBANs are placed on the human body and often transport private data, security is also considered. An overview of current and past projects is given. Finally, the open research issues and challenges are pointed out.
Review A Review of Wireless Sensor Technologies and Applications in Agriculture and Food Industry: State of the Art and Current Trends
, 2009
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Using heterogeneous wireless sensor networks in a telemonitoring system for healthcare
- IEEE Transactions on Information Technology in Biomedicine
, 2010
"... Abstract—Ambient intelligence has acquired great importance in recent years and requires the development of new innovative solutions. This paper presents a distributed telemonitoring system, aimed at improving healthcare and assistance to dependent people at their homes. The system implements a serv ..."
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Cited by 24 (1 self)
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Abstract—Ambient intelligence has acquired great importance in recent years and requires the development of new innovative solutions. This paper presents a distributed telemonitoring system, aimed at improving healthcare and assistance to dependent people at their homes. The system implements a service-oriented architecture based platform, which allows heterogeneous wireless sensor networks to communicate in a distributed way independent of time and location restrictions. This approach provides the system with a higher ability to recover from errors and a better flexibility to change their behavior at execution time. Preliminary results are presented in this paper. Index Terms—Ambient intelligence (AmI), healthcare, servicesoriented architectures (SOAs), wireless sensors networks (WSNs).
Comparison of energy harvesting systems for wireless sensor networks
- International Journal of Automation and Computing
, 2008
"... Abstract: Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) offer an attractive solution to many environmental, security, and process monitoring problems. However, one barrier to their fuller adoption is the need to supply electrical power over extended periods of time without the need for dedicated wiring. Energy ha ..."
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Cited by 21 (0 self)
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Abstract: Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) offer an attractive solution to many environmental, security, and process monitoring problems. However, one barrier to their fuller adoption is the need to supply electrical power over extended periods of time without the need for dedicated wiring. Energy harvesting provides a potential solution to this problem in many applications. This paper reviews the characteristics and energy requirements of typical sensor network nodes, assesses a range of potential ambient energy sources, and outlines the characteristics of a wide range of energy conversion devices. It then proposes a method to compare these diverse sources and conversion mechanisms in terms of their normalised power density. Keywords: Energy harvesting, energy scavenging, wireless sensor networks (WSNs), energy management
Distributed Sensor Perception via Sparse Representation
- THE PROCEEDINGS OF IEEE
"... Sensor network scenarios are considered where the underlying signals of interest exhibit a degree of sparsity, which means that in an appropriate basis, they can be expressed in terms of a small number of nonzero coefficients. Following the emerging theory of compressive sensing, an overall architec ..."
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Cited by 16 (2 self)
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Sensor network scenarios are considered where the underlying signals of interest exhibit a degree of sparsity, which means that in an appropriate basis, they can be expressed in terms of a small number of nonzero coefficients. Following the emerging theory of compressive sensing, an overall architecture is considered where the sensors acquire potentially noisy projections of the data, and the underlying sparsity is exploited to recover useful information about the signals of interest, which will be referred to as distributed sensor perception. First, we discuss the question of which projections of the data should be acquired, and how many of them. Then, we discuss how to take advantage of possible joint sparsity of the signals acquired by multiple sensors, and show how this can further improve the inference of the events from the sensor network. Two practical sensor applications are demonstrated, namely, distributed wearable action recognition using low-power motion sensors and distributed object recognition using high-power camera sensors. Experimental data support the utility of the compressive sensing framework in distributed sensor perception.
A Study of Self-Organization Mechanisms in Ad Hoc and Sensor Networks
- Elsevier Computer Communications
, 2008
"... Self-organization is a great concept for building scalable systems consisting of a huge number of subsystems. The primary objectives are improved scalability and dynamic adaptation to changing environmental conditions. Until now, many selforganization methods have been developed for communication ne ..."
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Cited by 10 (1 self)
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Self-organization is a great concept for building scalable systems consisting of a huge number of subsystems. The primary objectives are improved scalability and dynamic adaptation to changing environmental conditions. Until now, many selforganization methods have been developed for communication networks in general and ad hoc networks in particular. Nevertheless, the term self-organization is still often misunderstood or misused. This paper contributes to the networking community by providing a better understanding of self-organization mechanisms focusing especially on the applicability in ad hoc and sensor networks. The main contributions of this paper are a clarification of the term self-organization and a categorization of self-organization methods. Additionally, well-known protocols in ad hoc and sensor networks are classified and selected case studies are provided. Primarily, solutions for the medium access control and the network layer are analyzed and discussed. Finally, open research issues with practical relevance are discussed. Key words: self-organization, ad hoc networks, sensor networks, ad hoc routing, wireless communication, adaptive mechanisms 1
Survey on Wireless Sensor Network Technologies for Industrial Automation: The Security and Quality of Service Perspectives
, 2010
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The progressive smart grid system from both power and communications aspects
- IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials
, 2011
"... Abstract—The present electric power system structure has lasted for decades; it is still partially proprietary, energy-inefficient, physically and virtually (or cyber) insecure, as well as prone to power transmission congestion and consequent failures. Recent efforts in building a smart grid system ..."
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Cited by 9 (1 self)
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Abstract—The present electric power system structure has lasted for decades; it is still partially proprietary, energy-inefficient, physically and virtually (or cyber) insecure, as well as prone to power transmission congestion and consequent failures. Recent efforts in building a smart grid system have focused on addressing the problems of global warming effects, rising energy-hungry demands, and risks of peak loads. One of the major goals of the new system is to effectively regulate energy usage by utilizing the backbone of the prospectively
