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...to graphical multi-user environments, such as the early WorldChat from Worlds Inc., have shown that graphical representation of users is a compelling alternative to purely textbased systems. However these systems have not been able to naturally integrate the graphics with the communication that is taking place. Studies of human communicative behavior have seldom been considered in the design of believable avatars. Significant work includes Judith Donath’s Collaboration-at-a-Glance [13], where on-screen participant’s gaze direction changes to display their attention, and Microsoft’s Comic Chat [17], where illustrative comic-style images are automatically generated from the interaction. In Collaboration-at-a-Glance the users lack a body and the system only implements a few functions of the head. In Comic Chat, the conversation is broken into discrete still frames, excluding possibilities for things like real-time backchannel feedback and subtle gaze behaviors. Creating fully autonomous agents capable of natural multi-modal interaction entails integrating speech, gesture and facial expression. By applying knowledge from discourse analysis and studies of social cognition, we have developed...

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...ily addressed nonverbal behaviors that stand on their own without accompanying speech, such as American Sign Language (Loomis et al. 1983; Lee and Kunii 1993), emblematic behaviors (Chen et al. 1993; =-=Kurlander et al. 1996-=-), and other believable postures and motions (Rijpkema and Girard 1991; Perlin and Goldberg 1996). Some researchers have generated gestures in conjunction with verbal behavior. Lester et al. (1998) ge...

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...ir approach is based on a linear timeline model, and annotations apply only to individual frames in a video. Thought and speech balloons have previously been employed in virtual worlds and chat rooms =-=[15, 13]-=-, in which the associated regions are known a priori. Kurlander et al. [13] specifically address the problem of balloon layout. However, their system was free to assign the placement of both the word ...

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... autonomy, including gesture, attention, and locomotion, and multi-agent interaction, cooperation, and coordination. 2.1. Appearance and Motion Avatars can be portrayed visually as 2D icons, cartoons =-=[30]-=-, composited video, 3D shapes, or full 3D bodies [2, 48, 431. We are mostly interested in portraying human-like motions, so naturally tend toward the more realistic surface and articulation structures...

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...aluation. Similarity between two emotions is proportional to the angle that separates their positions on the wheel. The emotional wheel model is used also by other facial animation systems, including =-=[KSS96]-=-, [RKK03], and [LAAB02]. 4.5.2. Models based on appraisal theories Another common approach to modelling emotions is to view the emotions as reaction which result from appraisals/assesments of events a...

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... autonomy, including gesture, attention, and locomotion, and multi-agent interaction, cooperation, and coordination. 2.1. Appearance and Motion Avatars can be portrayed visually as 2D icons, cartoons =-=[27]-=-, composited video, 3D shapes, or full 3D bodies [2, 42, 38]. We are mostly interested in portraying human-like motions, so naturally tend toward the more realistic surface and articulation structures...