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331
The science of emotional intelligence
, 2005
"... This article presents a framework for emotiolllJl intelligenCl!, a set of skills hypothesized to contribute to the accurate appraisal and expression of emotion in oneself and in others, the effective regulation of emotion in self and others, and the use of feelings to motivate, plan, and achieve in ..."
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Cited by 887 (38 self)
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This article presents a framework for emotiolllJl intelligenCl!, a set of skills hypothesized to contribute to the accurate appraisal and expression of emotion in oneself and in others, the effective regulation of emotion in self and others, and the use of feelings to motivate, plan, and achieve in one's life. We start by reviewing the debate about the adaptive versus maladaptive qualities of emotion. We then explore the literature on intelligence, and especiaUy social intelligence. to examine the place of emotion in traditional intelligence conceptions. A framework for integrating the research on emotion-related snUs Is then described. Next, we review the components of emotional intelligence. To conclude the review. the role of emotional intelligence in mental health is discussed and avenues for further investigation are suggested. Is "emotional intelligence " 8 contradiction in terms? One tradition in Western thought has viewed emotions as disorganized interruptions of mental activity, so potentially disruptive that they must be controlled. Writing in the first century B.C., Publilius Syrus stated, "Rule your feelings, lest your feelings rule you " [1}.
The Emerging Field of Emotion Regulation: An Integrative Review
- Review of General Psychology
, 1998
"... The emerging field of emotion regulation studies how individuals influence which emotions they have, when they have them, and how they experience and express them. This review takes an evolutionary perspective and characterizes emotion in terms of response tendencies. Emotion regulation is defined a ..."
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Cited by 454 (44 self)
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The emerging field of emotion regulation studies how individuals influence which emotions they have, when they have them, and how they experience and express them. This review takes an evolutionary perspective and characterizes emotion in terms of response tendencies. Emotion regulation is defined and distinguished from coping, mood regulation, defense, and affect regulation. In the increasingly specialized discipline of psychology, the field of emotion regulation cuts across traditional boundaries and provides common ground. According to a process model of emotion regulation, emotion may be regulated at five points in the emotion generative process: (a) selection of the situation, (b) modification of the situation, (c) deployment of attention, (d) change of cognitions, and (e) modulation of responses. The field of emotion regulation promises new insights into age-old questions about how people manage their emotions. Conquer your passions and you conquer the wodd.---Hindu proverb To yield to man's emotions will assuredly lead to strife and disorderliness.... It is only under the influence of teachers and laws.., that courtesy will be observed, etiquette respected, and order restored.
Antecedent- and response-focused emotion regulation: divergent consequences for experience, expression, and physiology
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
, 1998
"... Using a process model of emotion, a distinction between antecedent-focused and response-focused emotion regulation is proposed. To test this distinction, 120 participants were shown a disgusting film while their experiential, behavioral, and physiological responses were recorded. Participants were t ..."
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Cited by 335 (39 self)
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Using a process model of emotion, a distinction between antecedent-focused and response-focused emotion regulation is proposed. To test this distinction, 120 participants were shown a disgusting film while their experiential, behavioral, and physiological responses were recorded. Participants were told to either (a) think about he film in such a way that they would feel nothing (reappraisal, a form of antecedent-focused emotion regulation), (b) behave in such a way that someone watching them would not know they were feeling anything (suppression, a form of response-focused motion regulation), or (c) watch the film (a control condition). Compared with the control condition, both reappraisal and suppression were effective in reducing emotion-expressive behavior. However, reap-praisal decreased isgust experience, whereas uppression increased sympathetic activation. These results suggest that these 2 emotion regulatory processes may have different adaptive consequences. What happens when we get so angry with an erratic driver that we feel like yelling at him, yet we do not? Or when we feel down but want to be in good spirits for a party? Or when we find something outrageously funny but need to stifle our laughter during a formal ceremony? At times such as these, we
Asymmetrical effects of positive and negative events: The mobilization - minimization hypothesis
- Psychological Bulletin, 110 , 67 – 85
, 1991
"... Negative (adverse or threatening) events evoke strong and rapid physiological, cognitive, emotional, and social responses. This mobilization of the organism is followed by physiological, cognitive, and behavioral responses that damp down, minimize, and even erase the impact of that event. This patte ..."
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Cited by 301 (0 self)
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Negative (adverse or threatening) events evoke strong and rapid physiological, cognitive, emotional, and social responses. This mobilization of the organism is followed by physiological, cognitive, and behavioral responses that damp down, minimize, and even erase the impact of that event. This pattern of mobilization-minimization appears to be greater for negative events than for neutral or positive events. Theoretical accounts of this response pattern are reviewed. It is concluded that no single theoretical mechanism can explain the mobilization-minimization pattern, but that a family of integrated process models, encompassing different classes of responses, may account for this pattern of parallel but disparatcly caused effects. In recent years, research on mood (eg, Isen, Daubman, & Gorgoglione, 1987), emotions (e.g., Frijda, 1988), and self-regulation (e.g. Carver & Scheier, 1990) has focused on the different origins and functions of positive and negative affect. Increasingly, researchers have argued that positive and negative affect cannot be considered endpoints of a single continuum, but rather must be thought of as qualitatively distinct phenomena
Beyond valence: Toward a model of emotion-specific influences on judgement and choice
- Cognition and Emotion
, 2000
"... Most theories of affective in ¯ uences on judgement and choice take a valencebased approach, contrasting the effects of positive versus negative feeling states. These approaches have not speci ® ed if and when distinct emotions of the same valence have different effects on judgement. In this article ..."
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Cited by 282 (20 self)
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Most theories of affective in ¯ uences on judgement and choice take a valencebased approach, contrasting the effects of positive versus negative feeling states. These approaches have not speci ® ed if and when distinct emotions of the same valence have different effects on judgement. In this article, we propose a model of emotion-speci ® c in ¯ uences on judgement and choice. We posit that each emotion is de ® ned by a tendency to perceive new events and objects in ways that are consistent with the original cognitive-appraisal dimensions of the emotion. To pit the valence and appraisal-tendency approaches against one another, we present a study that addresses whether two emotions of the same valence but differing appraisalsÐ anger and fearÐ relate in different ways to risk perception. Consistent with the appraisaltendency hypothesis, fearful people made pessimistic judgements of future events whereas angry people made optimistic judgements. In the Discussion we expand the proposed model and review evidence supporting two social moderators of appraisal-tendency processes.
The ripple effect: emotional contagion and its influence on group behavior.
- Administrative Science Quarterly
, 2002
"... Group emotional contagion, the transfer of moods among people in a group, and its influence on work group dynamics was examined in a laboratory study of managerial decision making using multiple, convergent measures of mood, individual attitudes, behavior, and group-level dynamics. Using a 2 x 2 ex ..."
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Cited by 205 (1 self)
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Group emotional contagion, the transfer of moods among people in a group, and its influence on work group dynamics was examined in a laboratory study of managerial decision making using multiple, convergent measures of mood, individual attitudes, behavior, and group-level dynamics. Using a 2 x 2 experimental design, with a trained confederate enacting mood conditions, the predicted effect of emotional contagion was found among group members, using both outside coders' ratings of participants' mood and participants' self-reported mood. No hypothesized differences in contagion effects due to the degree of pleasantness of the mood expressed and the energy level with which it was conveyed were found. There was a significant influence of emotional contagion on individual-level attitudes and group processes. As predicted, the positive emotional contagion group members experienced improved cooperation, decreased conflict, and increased perceived task performance. Theoretical implications and practical ramifications of emotional contagion in groups and organizations are discussed.* Understanding shared social processes in groups is becoming increasingly important as firms move toward a greater team orientation. These shared social processes can serve as a conduit for a variety of group interactions and dynamics important to getting work done. Interestingly, research on the influence of shared social processes has focused almost exclusively on its cognitive aspects-how ideas and cognition are shared among group members. This can be seen in the social-information processing literature, which focuses on
Positive affect and the other side of coping
- American Psychologist
, 2000
"... Although research on coping over the past 30 years has produced convergent evidence about the functions of cop-ing and the factors that influence it, psychologists still have a great deal to learn about how coping mechanisms affect diverse outcomes. One of the reasons more progress has not been made ..."
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Cited by 153 (1 self)
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Although research on coping over the past 30 years has produced convergent evidence about the functions of cop-ing and the factors that influence it, psychologists still have a great deal to learn about how coping mechanisms affect diverse outcomes. One of the reasons more progress has not been made is the almost exclusive focus on negative outcomes in the stress process. Coping theory and research need to consider positive outcomes as well. The authors focus on one such outcome, positive affect, and review findings about the co-occurrence of positive affect with negative affect during chronic stress, the adaptive func-tions of positive affect during chronic stress, and a special class of meaning-based coping processes that support pos-itive affect during chronic stress. R esearch on coping over the past 30 years has been dominated by contextual models that emphasize,coping by a person situated in a particular stress-ful encounter (e.g., Lazarus, 1966; Lazarus & Folkman,
Control and Automaticity in social life
"... Topics come and go in social psychology, and this is one that is coming. This is the first Handbook of Social Psychology with a chapter devoted to the role of control and automaticity in social life. Handbooks have varied somewhat over the years in how they subdivide the field, acting as barometers ..."
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Cited by 137 (12 self)
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Topics come and go in social psychology, and this is one that is coming. This is the first Handbook of Social Psychology with a chapter devoted to the role of control and automaticity in social life. Handbooks have varied somewhat over the years in how they subdivide the field, acting as barometers to measure the relative importance of topics over time-so we are happy to note that this time around control and automaticity have surfaced as key concepts in the way social psychology is being understood. These are not. however, flash-in-the-pan ideas. The distinction between automaticity and control of behavior has been with us at least since David Hartley remarked in Observations on Man (1749) that "The Motions of the body are of two kinds, automatic and voluntary. " Notions of control and automaticity have far earlier pedigrees than this. however. in the philosophical study of free will and detemtinism, and have resurfaced in psychology as fundamental themes in the debates earlier in this century between the cognitivists and behaviorists. Perhaps as a reflection of these foundations. and also for contemporary reasons we examine in this chapter, it now turns out that control and automaticity have developed into mature and important organizing ideas for the understanding of social behavior. The tricky questions of when and how people Work on this chapter was supponed in pan by the National Institute of
Good day sunshine: Stock returns and the weather.
- Journal of Finance,
, 2003
"... Abstract Psychological evidence and casual intuition predict that sunny weather is associated with upbeat mood. This paper examines the relation between morning sunshine at a country's leading stock exchange and market index stock returns that day at 26 stock exchanges internationally from 198 ..."
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Cited by 135 (4 self)
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Abstract Psychological evidence and casual intuition predict that sunny weather is associated with upbeat mood. This paper examines the relation between morning sunshine at a country's leading stock exchange and market index stock returns that day at 26 stock exchanges internationally from 1982-97. Sunshine is strongly significantly correlated with daily stock returns. After controlling for sunshine, rain and snow are unrelated to returns. There were positive net-of-transaction costs profits to be made from substantial use of weather-based strategies, but the magnitude of the gains was fairly modest. These findings are difficult to reconcile with fully rational price-setting.
