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... not bend the players back to technology centered interaction styles. We opt for tangible interfaces such as physical game boards that fuse state representations with means of state manipulations. As =-=[14]-=- outline, the principal attribute of a tangible interface is the seamless integration of representations and controls. That is, an ideal tangible interface does not differentiate between input and out...

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...plans and generals used to move their troops on strategic table models. These concepts have been widely used and translated to the digital domain by the introduction of Tangible User Interfaces (TUI) =-=[14]-=-, where a large group of projects and interfaces as well have been implemented using table interfaces just because of their collaborative nature. Physical objects on a table surface, especially on a r...

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...ved using a paper map, however this occurs through a PDA. Tangible User Interfaces integrate digital systems into the real world by capturing input and providing output through physical artifacts. In =-=[19]-=-, Ishii and Ulmer provide a framework for situating tangible computing technologies. Marked-up maps shares some attributes of spatial tangible systems, in that relative spatial position directs intera...

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...hscomputationally mediated digital information [11]. Manysdifferent research projects have studied enablingstechnologies, usability aspects and various applications ofstangible user interfaces (e.g., =-=[10,11,24,31]-=-). Projectssutilizing augmented tabletop environments havesdemonstrated tabletops’ potential value (e.g., [2,20]). Onesmajor advantage that has been identified with for tabletopssis that they can supp...

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...ossings. Related Systems Ishii and Ullmer define TUIs as devices that give physical form to digital information, employing physical artifacts as representations and controls of the computational data =-=[14]-=-. We focus here on spatial TUIs, or interface devices that use physical objects as means of inputting shape, space and structure into the virtual domain. Our work on Cognitive Cubes is motivated by th...

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...ormation off the screen space. The e380 phone has tri-color sidebands and vibration to light up and shake depending on ringtone. device to offload information onto other physical spaces and modalities=-=[2,3]-=-, e.g. by displaying information on the sidebars or through vibration [1,7] as in Figure 1. By integrated stimulation of the five basic senses: touch, taste, hearing, sight and smell, the sense of cog...

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...ng-pong table becomes an interactive surface. The ball movement is tracked and projections on the table of water ripples, moving spots, and schools of fish among other images react wherever the ball hits the table. While ec(h)o is more constrained in its play, the everyday wooden cube provides entry to a qualitatively diverse experience of interaction. Over the years, various frameworks and interaction models have been proposed to better define tangible user interfaces. Holmquist and others (Holmquist et al., 1999) proposed defining concepts of containers, tools, and tokens. Ullmer and Ishii (Ullmer and Ishii, 2001; Ullmer, 2002; Ullmer et al., 2005) proposed a framework known as the MCRit that highlighted the integration of representation and control in tangible user interfaces. Shaer and others have extended MCRit to propose their Token and Constraints (TAC) paradigm (Shaer, 2004). Most relevant to our approach is Fishkin’s proposed taxonomy which is situated and contextual in its thinking (Fishkin, 2004). Fishkin’s taxonomy is a two-dimensional space across the axes of embodiment and metaphor. Embodiment characterizes the degree to which “the state of computation” is perceived to be in or near the ta...

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... of the existing work on tangible interfaces has tended to focus on realising the physical artefacts associated with tangible interfaces. Current frameworks such as those proposed by Ullmer and Ishii =-=[23]-=- and Holmquist [11] while based on a connection between physical and digital tend to leave the nature of this connection as implicit with little reflection on the different ways in which this connecti...

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...another [12]. The group also sponsors a Computer Clubhouse where children can work on their own projects using this technology.In fact, tangible interfaces have a wide range of possible applications =-=[8, 17]-=-. Some examples are "Urp", a tangible interface for urban planners, and self-sensing devices [19]. Yet most of the learning activities that use tangible interfaces still tend to focus the learning act...