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... different resources are one of the key components of the Semantic Web, easy to use and cost-effective ways to create them are needed, and various systems for creating annotations have been developed =-=[14,18]-=-. However, there seems to be a lack of systems that 1) can be easily used by annotators unfamiliar with the technical side of the Semantic Web, and that 2) are able to support distributed creation of ...

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...es. There are a huge variety of both annotation types and systems for creating and re-using them. A number of researchers have attempted to identify dimensions by which to categorize both annotations =-=[15,16]-=- and the plethora of annotation systems [1719]. Annotation systems vary from: stand-alone applications for personal collections [20,21]; to extensions to proprietary systems [22]; to digital library-f...

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... these results validate such an approach. 4 Related Work Semantic annotation is an active field of research, particularly as the popularity of the Semantic Web increases. According to a recent survey =-=[22]-=-, systems that perform semantic annotation separate into three categories: rulebased, pattern-based, and wrapper induction methods. However, the rule-based and pattern-based methods rely on regularity...

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...in AAT, or the contrary, wrt the AAT hierarchy. This result quite favorably compares with available results in the literature. Semantic annotation with relations other than hypernymy are surveyed in (=-=Reeve and Han, 2005-=-), and again, regular expressions are a commonly used technique. Reeve and Han’s survey presents a table to compare system’s performance, but in absence of wellestablished data sets of annotated docum...

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... platform-independent from the annotator’s point of view, it should be implemented as a web application. It has been widely argued that automation is needed in the annotation for the Semantic Web [1],=-=[12]-=-,[14]. There are, however, limitations to what can be done automatically. These limitations usually lead to either missing or incorrect annotations (low recall/precision) [14]. For example, it is diff...

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... the main classes of related works. Tools for annotating web pages Several works propose frameworks that let users semantically annotate web-pages either manually [9] or (semi-)automatically [4] (see =-=[12]-=- for a survey of such systems). However, they focus solely on storing and querying annotations and they do not consider the problem of simultaneously querying structured data and the annotations on th...

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... or semi-automatic annotation provision. In this framework, some existing annotation platforms use pattern-based and/or machine learning techniques to help in the actual provision of annotations (see =-=[11]-=- for a good survey on this topic and [12] for some freely available annotation platforms). However, to the best of our knowledge, no platform exists for thehal-00232842, version 1 - 2 Feb 2008 annota...

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...78 - 0.89sP@10 0.30 0.60 - 0.70 0.60 0.70 - 0.80sRecall 0.43 0.86 0.71 1.00 0.75 0.88 0.75 1.00s6 Related WorksA great number of approaches on semantic annotation have been proposed in thesliterature =-=[6, 7]-=-. Most of them are focused on annotating web resources such assHTML pages [8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14].sAs far as plain text (or HTML) annotation is concerned, there are approaches thatsdiffer in the an...

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...UN, OPEC, NATO,setc) . The information extraction component of KIM is based onsthe GATE platform [5]. More details on other semantic annotationsplatforms and a comparison between them can be found in =-=[12]-=-.sIn general, it can be stated that current semantic annotationssystems still suffer from limitations related to resolving thesproblem of matching a word or a phrase with a concept that arisessdue to ...