received in revised form shown that SCIN binds C3b directly and competitively inhibits binding of doi:10.1016/j.jmb.2010.07.029 Available online at www13 July 2010;

Abstract The Transport Layer Security (TLS) protocol aims to provide confidentiality and integrity of data in transit across untrusted networks. TLS has become the de facto secure protocol of choice for Internet and mobile applications. DTLS is a variant of TLS that is growing in importance. In this paper, we present distinguishing and plaintext recovery attacks against TLS and DTLS. The attacks are based on a delicate timing analysis of decryption processing in the two protocols. We include experimental results demonstrating the feasibility of the attacks in realistic network environments for several different implementations of TLS and DTLS, including the leading OpenSSL implementations. We provide countermeasures for the attacks. Finally, we discuss the wider implications of our attacks for the cryptographic design used by TLS and DTLS.

by following the guidelines here. The following resources related to this article are available online at www.sciencemag.org (this information is current as of July 13, 2010): Updated information and services, including high-resolution figures, can be found in the online version of this article at:

Early release, published at www.cmaj.ca on July 13, 2015. Subject to revision.

Half a century ago, Farquhar and Palade described the ultra-structure of the apical junctional complex of epithelial cells.1 They divided this region into three neighboring structures: the apical zonula occludens or tight junction, the adherens junction,

A fundamental question in cell biology is how cells transport ions in highly complex tissue structures such as the kidney tubule, the gastrointestinal tract, the lung alveolus and the organ of Corti of the inner ear. The cells lining these ductal structures coordi-

Epithelia function as regulated barriers in tissue and organ archi-tecture, defining compartment boundaries within organisms and forming boundaries apposed to the external environment. The

Tight junctions are required to maintain the integrity and func-tion of epithelial and endothelial cell barriers, where they have two well-established roles in the cell. First, they act to restrict the movement of proteins between the apical and basolateral mem-

The blood-brain barrier (BBB) concept was first derived from experimental observations made by Ehrlich in 18851 and later by Goldman in 1913,2 after injecting colored dyes into the blood stream. The experiments conducted by Goldman showed that the trypan blue dye stained almost all tissues except the brain. When the dye was injected into the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) that surrounds the brain, this organ was stained, but the rest of the tissues in the body were not, providing the first demonstra-tion that there is a kind of compartmentalization between the

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