Energy-proportional designs would enable large energy savings in servers, potentially doubling their efficiency in real-life use. Achieving energy proportionality will require significant improvements in the energy usage profile of every system component, particularly the memory and disk subsystems

Algorithms developed by the author for recogniz-ing persons by their iris patterns have now been tested in six field and laboratory trials, producing no false matches in several million comparison tests. The recognition principle is the failure of a test of statis-tical independence on iris phase structure encoded by multi-scale quadrature wavelets. The combinatorial complexity of this phase information across different persons spans about 244 degrees of freedom and gen-erates a discrimination entropy of about 3.2 bits/mm over the iris, enabling real-time decisions about per-sonal identity with extremely high confidence. The high confidence levels are important because they al-low very large databases to be searched exhaustively (one-to-many “identification mode”) without making any false matches, despite so many chances. Biomet-rics lacking this property can only survive one-to-one (“verification”) or few comparisons. This paper ex-plains the algorithms for iris recognition, and presents the results of 2.3 million comparisons among eye im-ages acquired in trials in Britain, the USA, and Japan. 1

paper requires an amount of work proportional to N to evaluate all interactions to within roundoff error, making it where F near (when present) is a rapidly decaying potential con

We examine properties of residual-based tests for the null of no cointegration for dynamic panels in which both the short-run dynamics and the long-run slope coefficients are permitted to be heterogeneous across individual members of the panel+ The tests also allow for individual heterogeneous fixed effects and trend terms, and we consider both pooled within dimension tests and group mean between dimension tests+ We derive limiting distributions for these and show that they are normal and free of nuisance parameters+ We also provide Monte Carlo evidence to demonstrate their small sample size and power performance, and we illustrate their use in testing purchasing power parity for the post–Bretton Woods period+ 1.

this paper deals with a two-dimensional (2-d) space-filling approach in which each node is a rectangle whose area is proportional to some attribute such as node size. Research on relationships between 2-d images and their representation in tree structures has focussed on node and link

the response function of the imaging process, up to factor of scale, using the assumption of reciprocity. With the known response function, the algorithm can fuse the multiple photographs into a single, high dynamic range radiance map whose pixel values are proportional to the true radiance values in the scene

photographic services. These are all examples of products that are strongly complementary, although they need not be consumed in fixed proportions. We describe them as forming systems, which refers to collections of two or more components together with an interface that allows the components to work together

We say that a student scores at the fifth quantile of a standardized exam if he performs better than the proportion � of the reference group of students and worse than the proportion (1–�). Thus, half of students perform better than the median student and half perform worse. Similarly

that is independent of insider activity. The serial correlation of transaction price dif-ferences is a function of the proportion of the spread due to adverse selection. A bid-ask spread implies a divergence between observed returns and realizable returns. Observed returns are approximately realizable returns plus

on the ordering of decision variables in the graph. Although a function requires, in the worst case, a graph of size exponential in the number of arguments, many of the functions encountered in typical applications have a more reasonable representation. Our algorithms have time complexity proportional