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Abstract: The recent literature on using portfolios for high stakes assessment highlights what Green and Smyser (1995) identify as two contradictory portfolio purposes: formative and summative evaluation. This article discusses the characteristics of portfolios used for formative and summative assessment, suggesting that unless the conflicting paradigms and competing purposes underlying portfolios are recognized, their value for learning may be subverted. Electronic portfolio technologies promise support for both high-stakes assessment and deep student learning—dual purposes frequently in conflict. The authors argue for a balanced system that respects the value of the portfolio for self-assessment and life-long learning. What is a portfolio? Artists have maintained portfolios for years, often using their collection for seeking further work, or for simply demonstrating their art; it is useful to note, however, that an artist's portfolio usually includes only a person’s best work. Financial portfolios contain a comprehensive record of fiscal transactions and investment holdings that represent a person's monetary worth. This is often a summative record that

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Unanticipated inflation or deflation causes one party of a nominal contract to gain at the expense of the other party, an effect absent in macroeconomic models with one representative consumer or with consumers having identical consumption. In this paper's general dynamic and stochastic equilibrium model, diverse consumers maximize risk-averse utility and rent labor and land to profit-maximizing firms. Both inflation indexing and strict inflation targeting are Pareto inefficient. When Pareto sharing of changes of aggregate supply is proportional, nominal contracts under perfect nominal income targeting are Pareto efficient, while quasi-real contracts are Pareto efficient regardless.

This year’s NetGames workshop saw a mixture of papers and prototypes focused on a number of hot topics in networked games. One area of focus was work seeking to add novel features to games such as multi-player “bullet-time” (as popularized in single-player mode by “Max Payne ” and “Enter The Matrix”) and proximity-based SIP conferencing for supporting immersion in a virtual world. Perhaps we’ll see these to show up in a game soon! Several papers and prototypes examined software support for developing games on new cellular phone networks. Unfortunately, such networks are still severely hampered by large latencies so don’t expect to be playing Counter-Strike on your phone anytime soon. Continuing a NetGames focus on augmented reality games, a gesture-based, location-aware game was

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and hybridization software to the scientific community at large. By making use of universally available web GUIs (Graphical User Interfaces),the server circumvents the problem of portability of this software. Detailed output,in the form of structure plots with or without reliability information,single strand

that there are circumstances when government provision of deposit insurance can produce superior contracts. This article is reprinted from the Journal of Political Economy (June 1983, vol. 91, no. 3, pp. 401--19) with the permission of the University of Chicago Press. The views expressed herein are those of the authors

experiments, the IAT was sensitive to (a) near-universal evaluative differences (e.g., flower vs. insect), (b) expected individual differences in evaluative associations (Japanese + pleasant vs. Korean + pleasant for Japanese vs. Korean subjects), and (c) consciously disavowed evaluative differences (Black