We have developed a procedure for preparing extracts from nuclei of human tissue culture cells that directs accurate transcription initiation in vitro from class II promoters. Conditions of extraction and assay have been optimized for maximum activity using the major late promoter of adenovirus 2

Diploid cells of budding yeast produce haploid cells through the develop-mental program of sporulation, which consists of meiosis and spore morphogenesis. DNA microarrays containing nearly every yeast gene were used to assay changes in gene expression during sporulation. At least seven distinct

by transduction of four defined transcription factors. Here, we demonstrate the generation of iPS cells from adult human dermal fibroblasts with the same four factors: Oct3/4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc. Human iPS cells were similar to human embryonic stem (ES) cells in morphology, proliferation, surface antigens

wheat germ agglutinin-agarose column and can be eluted from it with N-acetylglucosamine, a property not observed with other factors binding to the albumin promoter. Using in vitro transcription assays we demonstrate that purified HNFl strongly stimulates albumin promoter activity in spleen nuclear

to minimize deleterious effects produced by these toxic chemicals. As a first line of screening, in vitro transcription assays are very useful due to their speed, convenience, and cost effectiveness. In this paper, recent in vitro reporter assays for detecting androgenic or antiandrogenic activity of EDCs

assembly and disassembly of actin filaments. The small GTPases, Rho, Rac, and Cdc42, regulate the organization of actin filaments and we have analyzed their contributions to the movement of primary embryo fibroblasts in an in vitro wound healing assay. Rac is essential for the protrusion of lamellipodia

-free transcription assays showed that Pol III, but not Pol II, is associated with miRNA genomic sequence and sufficient for transcription. Moreover, the mature miRNA sequences of approximately 50 additional human miRNAs lie within Alu and other known repetitive elements. These findings extend the current view of mi

that contains a TATA box. We have prepared synthetic promoters containing random nucleotides downstream of Spl binding sites to determine the range of DNA sequences that convey Inr activity. Numerous sequences behaved as functional Inrs in an in vitro transcription assay, but the Inr activities varied

Metal concentrations of an acetonitrile solution of [Cu(CH3CN)4]PF6 and aqueous solutions of AgNO3, K[Au(CN)2], ZnSO4•7H2O, and HgCl2 (all ACS grade reagents) were analyzed by ICP-AES. Purification of CueR and pUC19/copA was carried out as described previously (1). The copA transcription template

In this series of projects of sequencing human cDNA clones which correspond to relatively long transcripts, we newly determined the entire sequences of 100 cDNA clones which were screened on the basis of the potentiality of coding for large proteins in vitro. The cDNA libraries used were