"... In PAGE 3: ... Instead of focusing on specific acts, injuries or victimized populations, this typology categorizes violence in terms of the primary motivating factor, either conscious or unconscious, for gaining or maintaining political, economic, or social power through force or violence. Table1 defines and summarizes some common types of violence according to this categorization. These categories are deliberately broad, and are not necessarily mutually exclusive in terms of specific violent acts committed; instead, they represent a continuum along which violent acts are perpetrated for complex, often multiple reasons.... ..."

"... In PAGE 14: ... Building on the work of Colombian violentologos and others, this paper introduces a threefold categorization of political, economic and social violence, identified in terms of the primary motivating factor, either conscious or unconscious, for gaining or maintaining political, economic, or social power through force or violence. Table1 summarizes some of the common types of violence in Colombia according to this categorization. These are deliberately broad, and not necessarily mutually exclusive in terms of specific violent acts committed.... ..."

"... In PAGE 31: ... Changing policy approaches to violence intervention In identifying changing policy approaches, it is possible to delineate a broad shift from approaches which focus on the control of violence, to those which concentrate on prevention, to more recent perspectives which aim to rebuild social capital. Consequently the framework of different policy approaches should be viewed as apos;ideal types apos; (see Table3 ). More than one approach can be adopted simultaneously, and established perspectives are often combined with more innovative ones.... ..."

"... In PAGE 16: ... The cornerstone of any type of monitoring system is the use of a definition for the event that you seek to identify. Several definitions of violence have been applied in the literature, in monitoring systems ( Table1 ), and amongst institutions in Pennsylvania. These include definitions from a criminal justice perspective, a domestic violence perspective, a medical perspective, and a sociological perspective, amongst others.... In PAGE 42: ... For all state residents, the risk level was 1 in 535. Table1 0: Characteristics of Victims of Aggravated Assault, Pennsylvania, 1994 (rate per 100,000 persons) Overall 198.7 Gender Male 248.... In PAGE 45: ...8 12.5 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 Residence Public Place Bar or Restaurant Traffic Way Office Other Percent Table1 1: Demographic Characteristics of Persons Admitted to Hospital for Assault, Pennsylvania, 1994 HC4 PTSF TOTAL 7027 2470 Age Group 0-14 years 2.6% 2.... In PAGE 49: ... Health care costs made up only 5% of the estimated total. Table1 2: Characteristics of Robbery Victims, NCVS, United States, 1994 (Number of robberies per 1000 persons age 12 or older) Overall 6.1 Gender Male 8.... In PAGE 50: ... They include the general under- reporting of violent crime in Philadelphia, possible changes in the record systems of the police departments (statewide and nationally), or a real change in crime rates between the areas. Table1 3: Estimates of the Annual Cost of Robbery in the United States Cohen (54) $ 18 billion Cohen (13) $ 26 billion Miller (14) $ 27 billion Miller (15) $ 11 billion All estimates in 1993 dollars, adjusted by the consumer price index Figure 33: The Pyramid of Robbery in the United States, 1994 1,299,000 robberies 1994 NCVS 55% reported to police 32% resulted in physical injury 21.8% received medical care 8.... In PAGE 51: ... Firearms were used in 44% of robbery offenses in Pennsylvania in 1994 (7). Figure 34: Robbery Rates, Pennsylvania and the United States, 1980-1998 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 number per 100,000 population PA US UCR Figure 36: Weapon Involvement in Robbery, Pennsylvania, 1994 Firearm Knife Other Weapon Strong Arm 1994 UCR Table1 4: Characteristics of Robbery Victims, PA, 1994 (rate per 100,000 persons) Overall 182.7 Gender Male 228.... In PAGE 55: ... These include mental health disorders (68), depression (68), substance abuse (69) and sexual dysfunction (70), among others. Table1 5: Characteristics of Rape and Sexual Assault Victims, NCVS, United States, 1994 (Number of rapes per 1000 persons age 12 or older) Overall 2.0 Gender Male 0.... In PAGE 57: ...ssessing costs. Miller, et.al. (15), suggests that the higher cost figure is due to a higher estimate for the number of rapes in the NWS, and the application of a higher average cost per incident (Table 17). The bulk of the costs related to rape are accounted for by the value associated with intangible items, such as pain and suffering arising from the crime, and a diminished quality of life ( Table1 7). Medical care costs (including mental health care costs) comprise a small proportion of the total cost.... In PAGE 57: ... This rate of frequency has been fairly stable for the last 20 years in Pennsylvania (Figure 40). In Table1 6: Estimates of the Annual Cost of Rape in the United States (1993 dollars) Cohen (54) $ 12 billion Cohen (13) $ 10 billion Miller (14) $ 12 billion Miller (15) $127 billion Table 17: Estimates of the Cost per Victim of Rape in the United States (1993 dollars) Total Cost Medical Cost Value of Pain and Suffering Cohen (54) $68,500 -- $58,372 Cohen (13) $68,800 $478 $42,291 Miller (14) $55,486 $6,384 $ 9,532 Miller (15) $87,000 $2,700... In PAGE 57: ... This rate of frequency has been fairly stable for the last 20 years in Pennsylvania (Figure 40). In Table 16: Estimates of the Annual Cost of Rape in the United States (1993 dollars) Cohen (54) $ 12 billion Cohen (13) $ 10 billion Miller (14) $ 12 billion Miller (15) $127 billion Table1 7: Estimates of the Cost per Victim of Rape in the United States (1993 dollars) Total Cost Medical Cost Value of Pain and Suffering Cohen (54) $68,500 -- $58,372 Cohen (13) $68,800 $478 $42,291 Miller (14) $55,486 $6,384 $ 9,532 Miller (15) $87,000 $2,700... In PAGE 58: ... This level is similar to the national rate of rape reported by the UCR (26). The Philadelphia County rate Figure 40: Rape Rates, Pennsylvania and the United States, 1980-1998 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 number per 100,000 population PA US UCR Table1 8: Characteristics of Rape Victims, PA, 1994 (rate per 100,000 persons) Overall 24.9 Gender Male 3.... ..."

"... In PAGE 121: ... $3,529) than for self-directed violence. A breakdown of the costs and charges associated with the various types of violence is provided in Table55 . Total hospital costs related to interpersonal violence in Pennsylvania in 1994 were estimated at $46,732,408.... ..."