The usual formulations of quantum field theory in Minkowski spacetime make crucial use of features—such as Poincare invariance and the existence of a preferred vacuum state—that are very special to Minkowski spacetime. In order to generalize the formulation of quantum field theory to arbitrary

Existing strategies for econometric analysis related to macroeconomics are subject to a number of serious objections, some recently formulated, some old. These objections are summarized in this paper, and it is argued that taken together they make it unlikely that macroeconomic models are in fact

Recently the use of public key encryption to provide secure network communication has received considerable attention. Such public key systems are usually effective against passive eavesdroppers, who merely tap the lines and try to decipher the message. It has been pointed out, however

A numerical algorithm integrating the 3N Cartesian equations of motion of a system of N points subject to holonomic constraints is formulated. The relations of constraint remain perfectly fulfilled at each step of the trajectory despite the approximate character of numerical integration. The method

proportional to the gradient: where α is a positive-definite step size. If the above can be achieved, then θ can usually be assured to converge to a locally optimal policy in the performance measure ρ. Unlike the value-function approach, here small changes in θ can cause only small changes in the policy

We designed, implemented and evaluated a new concept for direct manipulation of databases, called dynamic queries, that allows users to formulate queries with graphical widgets, such as sliders. By providing a graphical visualization of the database and search results, users can find trends

∗ where f ∗ = minx∈Xf(x). Global optimization problems are usually formulated so that the structure of the feasible region X is relatively simple; this

the most widely used herbicides globally and are frequently used in combination with other herbicides. The recommended paraquat field application rates for terrestrial weed control usually range between 0.28 and 1.12 kg/ha (0.25 and 1.0 lb/acre), and for aquatic weed control the range is 0.1 -2.0 mg

. The tasks of this process model are essentially invocations to functionalities offered by the underlying component services. Usually, several component services are able to execute a given task, although with different levels of pricing and quality. In this paper, we advocate that the selection of component

). Usually all trees are considered a priori equally probable, and the likelihood is calculated under one of a number of standard Markov models of character evolution. The posterior probability, although easy to formulate, involves a summation over all trees and, for each tree, integration over all possible