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, just enough to stay up to date. We show that with this simple mechanism, Trickle can scale to thousand-fold changes in network density, propagate new code in the order of seconds, and impose a maintenance cost on the order of a few sends an hour.

urgent evaluation with robust randomized designs. Strangely, these problems do not seem to be taken into consideration by some policy-makers. This apparently strong statement needs, however, to be justified. After a brief Web search for up-to-date policy docu-

This paper examines the impact venture capital can have on the development of new firms. Using a hand-collected data set on Silicon Valley start-ups, we find that venture capital is related to a variety of professionalization measures, such as human resource policies, the adoption of stock option

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guidance from diverse roles within older people’s health services and key experts in the field, the resulting pathway reflects up-to-date policy and encompasses differing per-spectives and good practice. It is potentially a generalisable pathway that can be easily adaptable for use internationally

In this paper we study how to refresh a local copy of an autonomous data source to maintain the copy up-to-date. As the size of the data grows, it becomes more di#cult to maintain the copy "fresh," making it crucial to synchronize the copy e#ectively. We define two freshness metrics

the manipulation algorithms in detail, and we did a full implementation of the Hilbert R-tree. Our experiments show that the '2-to-3 ' split policy provides a compromise between the insertion complexity and the search cost, giving up to 28 % savings over the R tree [3] on real data. 1

Central banks have several reasons for extracting information from asset prices. Asset prices may embody more accurate and more up-to-date macroeconomic data than what is currently published or directly available to policy makers. Aberrations in some asset prices may indicate

. In this context, remote data sources (Web sites) do not notify the copies (Web crawlers) of new changes, so we need to periodically poll the sources to maintain the copies up-to-date. Since polling the sources takes significant time and resources, it is very difficult to keep the copies completely up-to-date