"... In PAGE 49: ... Two groups stand out in this respect. These are young workers and workers with university education, ( Table16 ). Both these groups on average find work much faster than their older and less educated counterparts.... ..."

"... In PAGE 6: ... Throughout, unemployment is investigated for a number of different subsamples, and we are therefore able to map changes in unemployment across time. II Unemployment Incidence Table1 shows the frequency distribution of unemployment spells for men entering the labour market at, or after, the various calendar dates shown at the top of each column (with column percents in brackets). The sample in all cases includes men who were aged at least 16 years at the date of the Wave 1 interview in 1991 and who were fully interviewed at each of the first four waves of the BHPS.... In PAGE 6: ... The final column shows the number of unemployment spells experienced after September 1990 by all male panel members of the sample aged between 16 and 55 and not in full-time education at Wave 1, irrespective of their date of entry into the labour market. From Table1 , it can be seen that the earliest year of entry into the labour market for a male sample member was 1914. Of this group, 56% have not experienced any unemployment at all over their entire lifetimes to date, while 96% have experienced fewer than four unemployment events.... In PAGE 7: ...The third column in Table1 concentrates on the 2519 men entering the labour force after World War Two. Of these, 51% have experienced no unemployment to date, while 95% have experienced fewer than four unemployment spells.... In PAGE 7: ...92, slightly higher than for the male sample as a whole. The fourth column in Table1 focuses on men entering the labour market after the oil price shock of 1972. The percentage of men experiencing no unemployment spells falls to 45%, while the mean number of unemployment spells per person is also higher, at just over one spell.... In PAGE 7: ... It is difficult to disentangle these two effects as both work in the same direction. The final column of Table1 focuses on unemployment spells experienced since September 1990 by men aged between 16 and 55 and not in full-time education at Wave 1. This shows that 75% of this sample have experienced no unemployment since 1990, while only 9% have experienced multiple spells.... ..."

"... In PAGE 24: ... This exit probability is quite low and would imply an expected completed duration in excess of two years in steady state. Yet looking at the distribution of current unemployrnent spells we find that the average speD was no longer than six months, with over three quarters of the true unemployed currently in an unemployment spell of under one year, with the majority under six months ( Table8 ). The evident impression is that long run unemployment has yet to emerge.... ..."

"... In PAGE 17: ... 6.1 The REBP and the Increase in Unemployment Duration Table3 gives information about the unemployment spells in treated and non-treated regions. In total, 385,463 unemployment spells were started by males in the age group 45 to 54 during the period 1986 to 1995.... ..."

"... In PAGE 18: ...Table2 shows the distribution of exit states by gender. Estimation was carried out conditional on exit state.... ..."

"... In PAGE 8: ...2) Total number of spells 2536 2298 1282 832 823 The final column of the table supports this, showing that for men aged 16-55 at Wave 1 and not in full-time education, only 8% of unemployment spells originate from education, while 13% originate from self-employment. Table3 shows the states that follow unemployment spells for each cohort/period that we are considering. The proportion of spells ending with employment remains reasonably constant across the labour market entry cohorts (at about 75%), while the proportion ending with self-employment has fallen from 8.... In PAGE 9: ...The fifth column of Table3 focuses on men aged 16-55 at Wave 1 who were not in full-time education. Comparing this with the other columns, it is clear that a smaller proportion post-1990 exit unemployment to employment (69%) and to education and training (7.... In PAGE 14: ... However, further analysis has shown that over 10% of those who enter unemployment from long-term sickness actually exit to long-term sickness, while more than 30% exit to non-employment states. This is almost double the average proportions for the sample as a whole as described earlier in Table3 , and suggests that the long-term sick do have problems entering employment. The latter can perhaps be explained by age, those exiting retirement and becoming unemployed are likely to be aged over 50, and thus are less attractive to potential employers with a limited working life in front of them.... ..."

"... In PAGE 10: ...Concentrating initially on the first 5 columns of Table4 , that is the different labour market entry cohorts, a number of observable trends emerge. Firstly, there is a clear decline in the proportion of unemployment spells caused by redundancy, from over 42% of unemployment spells preceded by employment for those entering the labour market since 1914 to below 31% for those entering in 1980 and later.... In PAGE 11: ...6) Total number of spells 1259 1164 614 379 463 By aggregating the reasons given for leaving the immediately preceding job, a variable can be constructed indicating the proportion of unemployment spells caused by voluntary and involuntary job terminations. Table 5 does this by collapsing the categories in Table4 . Redundancy, dismissals, temporary jobs ending and health reasons have been classified as involuntary job separations for this purpose, while leaving for a better or different job, retired, caring and other reasons have been classified as voluntary separations.... ..."