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On the time course of perceptual choice: the leaky competing accumulator model

by Marius Usher, James L. McClelland - PSYCHOLOGICAL REVIEW , 2001
"... The time course of perceptual choice is discussed in a model based on gradual and stochastic accumulation of information in non-linear decision units with leakage (or decay of activation) and competition through lateral inhibition. In special cases, the model becomes equivalent to a classical diffus ..."
Abstract - Cited by 480 (19 self) - Add to MetaCart
The time course of perceptual choice is discussed in a model based on gradual and stochastic accumulation of information in non-linear decision units with leakage (or decay of activation) and competition through lateral inhibition. In special cases, the model becomes equivalent to a classical

Time Course of Comparison

by Robert L. Goldstone, Douglas L. Medin - Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition , 1994
"... this article, we present a model of similarity comparison that makes specific time course predictions, which were tested in three experiments. Before turning to that model, we first outline the need for a consideration of similarity processes ..."
Abstract - Cited by 82 (9 self) - Add to MetaCart
this article, we present a model of similarity comparison that makes specific time course predictions, which were tested in three experiments. Before turning to that model, we first outline the need for a consideration of similarity processes

Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative

by Kenneth J. Livak, Thomas D. Schmittgen - PCR and 2 ���CT method. Methods 25 , 2001
"... of the target gene relative to some reference group The two most commonly used methods to analyze data from real-time, quantitative PCR experiments are absolute quantifica-such as an untreated control or a sample at time zero tion and relative quantification. Absolute quantification deter- in a time ..."
Abstract - Cited by 2666 (6 self) - Add to MetaCart
time-course study. mines the input copy number, usually by relating the PCR signal Absolute quantification should be performed in situ-to a standard curve. Relative quantification relates the PCR signal ations where it is necessary to determine the absolute of the target transcript in a treatment group

On the control of automatic processes: A parallel distributed processing account of the Stroop effect

by Jonathan D. Cohen, James L. Mcclelland, Kevin Dunbar - Psychological Review , 1990
"... Traditional views of automaticity are in need of revision. For example, automaticity otten has been treated as an all-or-none phenomenon, and traditional ~es have held that automatic processes are independent of attention. Yet recent empirical data suggest that automatic processes are continu-ous, a ..."
Abstract - Cited by 511 (45 self) - Add to MetaCart
. With the Stroop effect as an example, automatic processes are shown to be continuous and to emerge gradually with practice. Specifically, a computational model of the Stroop task simulates the time course of processing as well as the effects of learning. This was accomplished by combining the cascade mechanism

The time course of attentional focusing

by Francesco Benso, Massimo Turatto, Gian Gastone Mascetti, Carlo Umiltaá - European Journal of Cognitive Psychology , 1998
"... In four experiments, we investigated the time course of attentional focusing. Our main aims were to estimate the time necessary for focusing to take place and the time over which focal attention can be maintained. The use of a pre-cueing procedure allowed us to estimate the time necessary for focusi ..."
Abstract - Cited by 10 (0 self) - Add to MetaCart
In four experiments, we investigated the time course of attentional focusing. Our main aims were to estimate the time necessary for focusing to take place and the time over which focal attention can be maintained. The use of a pre-cueing procedure allowed us to estimate the time necessary

Discretization of Time Course Data

by Elena S. Dimitrova, John J. McGee, Reinhard C. Laubenbacher
"... Data discretization, also known as binning, is a frequently used technique in computer science, statistics, and their applications to biological data analysis. We present a new method for the discretization of real-valued time courses of data into a finite number of discrete values. It is specifical ..."
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Data discretization, also known as binning, is a frequently used technique in computer science, statistics, and their applications to biological data analysis. We present a new method for the discretization of real-valued time courses of data into a finite number of discrete values

Reflexive and voluntary orienting of visual attention: Time course of activation and resistance to interruption

by Hermann J. Müller, Patrick M. A. Rabbitt - JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY: HUMAN PERCEPTION AND PERFORMANCE , 1989
"... To study the mechanisms underlying covert orienting of attention in visual space, subjects were given advance cues indicating the probable locations of targets that they had to discriminate and localize. Direct peripheral cues (brightening of one of four boxes in peripheral vision) and symbolic cent ..."
Abstract - Cited by 198 (0 self) - Add to MetaCart
central cues (an arrow at the fixation point indicating a probable peripheral box) were compared. Peripheral and central cues are believed to activate different reflexive and voluntary modes of orienting (Jonides, 1981; Posner, 1980). Experiment 1 showed that the time courses of facilitation

Randomized Algorithms

by Rajeev Motwani , 1995
"... Randomized algorithms, once viewed as a tool in computational number theory, have by now found widespread application. Growth has been fueled by the two major benefits of randomization: simplicity and speed. For many applications a randomized algorithm is the fastest algorithm available, or the simp ..."
Abstract - Cited by 2196 (36 self) - Add to MetaCart
, or the simplest, or both. A randomized algorithm is an algorithm that uses random numbers to influence the choices it makes in the course of its computation. Thus its behavior (typically quantified as running time or quality of output) varies from

Some studies in machine learning using the game of Checkers

by Arthur L. Samuel - IBM JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT , 1959
"... Two machine-learning procedures have been investigated in some detail using the game of checkers. Enough work has been done to verify the fact that a computer can be programmed so that it will learn to play a better game of checkers than can be played by the person who wrote the program. Furthermor ..."
Abstract - Cited by 780 (0 self) - Add to MetaCart
. Furthermore, it can learn to do this in a remarkably short period of time (8 or 10 hours of machine-playing time) when given only the rules of the game, a sense of direction, and a redundant and incomplete list of parameters which are thought to have something to do with the game, but whose correct signs

The role of knowledge in discourse comprehension: A construction-integration model

by Walter Kintsch - Psychological Review , 1988
"... In contrast to expectation-based, predictive views of discourse comprehension, a model is developed in which the initial processing is strictly bottom-up. Word meanings are activated, propositions are formed, and inferences and elaborations are produced without regard to the discourse context. Howev ..."
Abstract - Cited by 476 (7 self) - Add to MetaCart
. However, a network of interrelated items is created in this manner, which can be integrated into a coherent structure through a spreading activation process. Data concerning the time course of word identification in a discourse context are examined. A simulation of arithmetic word-problem under
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