) and macrophages. It is thought that IL-12 is required for one of the protective immune responses induced by LPS, the T helper 1 (Th1)-immune response, which include the production of IFN-c from Th1cells and IgG2c class switching. Here, we clearly demonstrate that intracellular delivery of LPS by LPS

-type mice. Whereas cells from wild-type mice secrete IFN- � and IL-4, cells from Ii �/ � mice secrete mostly IFN-�. Moreover, Ii �/ � mice exhibit a normal Th1 response in the delayed-type hypersensitivity and trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid colitis models; however, these mice lack an in vivo Th2 response

Abstract: Polysaccharides play a key role in enhancing immune function and facilitating cellular communication. Here, we purified Nymphaea rubra Roxb. polysaccharides (NR-PS) by treating them with pullulanase. They were then cultured with immature dendritic cells (DCs) derived from rat bone marrow

compared with women. It is documented that the physiologic levels of estrogens produced during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle shift the female immune system toward a Th2-type response and that the Th1 cytokines are increased in postmenopausal women. However, the Th1 immune response is also

. This therapeutic effect was not attributable to an enhanced viral clearance, but to a blunted Th1 immune response, as evidenced by significantly decreased splenic CD4 + /CD8 + IFN-c + T cell percentages and reduced myocardial Th1 cytokine levels. Conclusion/Significance: Our findings constitute the first

-�-producing T cells in vivo that are essential for the development of arthritis. The Journal of Immunology, 2008, 180: 922–930. Interleukin-27 is a heterodimeric cytokine composed of EBVinduced gene 3 (EBI3) 3 and p28 that signals through a receptor complex composed of the unique IL-27R � (IL-27R) (also called WSX-1

and inflammation. After being engulfed and processed by phagocytes, P. acnes induces a strong Th1-type cytokine immune response by producing cytokines such as IL-12, IFN-c and TNF-a. The characteristic Th2-mediated allergic response can be counteracted by Th1 cytokines induced by P. acnes injection

of the ear pinna combined with EP route even provided therapeutic effects in a mouse tumor model. In conclusion, this study highlights the ear pinna as a privileged site for the induction of strong Th1 polarized cellular im-munity against a defined antigen when combining DNA vaccination with EP.

Resistance and susceptibility to Leishmania major infection in the murine model is determined by the capacity of the host to mount either a protective Th1 response or a Th2 response associated with disease progression. Previous reports involving the use of cysteine cathepsin inhibitors indicated

Crescentic glomerulonephritis is mediated by inappropriate humoral and cellular immune responses toward self-antigens that may result from defects in central and peripheral tolerance. Evidence now suggests that regulatory T cells (Tregs) may be of pathophysiological importance in proliferative