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A SURVEY OF OBSERVED TEST-SCORE DISTRIBUTIONS WITH RESPECT TO SKEWNESS AND KURTOSIS1
"... THE purpose of the present survey of data was to check em-pirically on two hypotheses: i. Easy tests tend to yield negatively skewed score distribu-tions; hard tests, positively skewed distributions. This hypothe-sis is so prevalent that references need not be cited. 2. Symmetric score distributions ..."
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Cited by 4 (0 self)
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THE purpose of the present survey of data was to check em-pirically on two hypotheses: i. Easy tests tend to yield negatively skewed score distribu-tions; hard tests, positively skewed distributions. This hypothe-sis is so prevalent that references need not be cited. 2. Symmetric score
Estimation and Covariate Adjustment of ROC Curves and Underlying Test Score Distributions by
"... comments that led to a substantially improved version of this manuscript. Current approaches to modeling receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves ignore the magnitude of the observed test scores and are unable to connect a test score with its estimated diagnostic performance (sensitivity and s ..."
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and specificity). We show here how to construct a model that characterizes (1) the smooth ROC curve and (2) the test score distributions, while allowing for covariate adjustment on both levels and preserving the ROC curve’s invariance to order preserving transformations of the test score scale. This work
Univariate and Bivariate Loglinear Models for Discrete Test Score Distributions
, 2000
"... The well-developed theory of exponential families of distributions is applied to the problem of fitting the univariate histograms and discrete bivariate fre-quency distributions that often arise in the analysis of test scores. These models are powerful tools for many forms of parametric data smoothi ..."
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Cited by 26 (3 self)
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The well-developed theory of exponential families of distributions is applied to the problem of fitting the univariate histograms and discrete bivariate fre-quency distributions that often arise in the analysis of test scores. These models are powerful tools for many forms of parametric data
Running head: DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS FOR MODERN SCORE DISTRIBUTIONS 1 Descriptive Statistics for Modern Test Score Distributions: Skewness, Kurtosis, Discreteness, and Ceiling Effects
"... Abstract Many statistical analyses benefit from the assumption that unconditional or conditional distributions are continuous and normal. Over fifty years ago in this journal, ..."
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Abstract Many statistical analyses benefit from the assumption that unconditional or conditional distributions are continuous and normal. Over fifty years ago in this journal,
Remedying Education: Evidence from Two Randomized Experiments
- in India,” NBER Working Paper
, 2005
"... This paper presents the results of two randomized experiments conducted in schools in urban India. A remedial education program hired young women to teach students lagging behind in basic literacy and numeracy skills. It increased average test scores of all children in treatment schools by 0.28 stan ..."
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Cited by 317 (37 self)
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.28 standard deviation, mostly due to large gains experienced by children at the bottom of the test-score distribution. A computer-assisted learning program focusing on math increased math scores by 0.47 standard deviation. One year after the programs were over initial gains remained significant for targeted
DESCRIPTORS
"... Three methods of estimating test score distributions that may improve on using tIe observed frequencies (OBFs) as estimates of a population test score distribution are considered: the kernel method (KM); the polynomial method (PM); and the four-parameter beta binomial method (FPBBM). The assumption ..."
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Three methods of estimating test score distributions that may improve on using tIe observed frequencies (OBFs) as estimates of a population test score distribution are considered: the kernel method (KM); the polynomial method (PM); and the four-parameter beta binomial method (FPBBM). The assumption
Educational Peer Effects Quantile Regression Evidence from Denmark with
"... We combine data from the first wave of the OECD PISA sample with register data for Denmark to estimate educational peer effects. These datasets combined provide an unusually large set of background variables that help alleviate the usual problems of omitted variables bias, prevalent in much of the e ..."
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of the empirical literature on peer effects. Quantile regression results show that there may be differential peer group effects at different points of the conditional test score distribution: The positive and significant peer level effect is strongest for weak students and is steadily decreasing over
The Impact of Direct Democracy on Public Education
- Performance of Swiss Pupils in Reading, University of St. Gallen, Working Paper No
, 2005
"... Using a cross section of individual data on performance in Reading similar to the OECD-PISA study, we analyze the impact of direct legislation at the cantonal level on the quality of public education in Switzerland. Our OLS estimate of a composite index of direct democracy supports the findings prev ..."
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Cited by 2 (2 self)
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on several portions of the conditional test score distribution applying quantile regression method. The negative impact appears to be quite equal between the estimated quantiles of the test score distribution. Finally, the same analyses are carried out employing measures of single direct
Motivation, Test Scores, and Economic Success ∗
, 2007
"... In this paper I investigate through which channels low-stakes test scores relate to economic success. The inferences in the economic literature regarding test scores and their association with economic outcomes are mostly based on tests without performance-based incentives, administered to survey pa ..."
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Cited by 4 (0 self)
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to performance-based incentives, while the others did not. These two groups have the same test score distributions when incentives were provided, suggesting that some participants are less motivated and invest less effort when no performance-based incentives are provided. These participants, however
Caste Discrimination in School Admissions: Evidence from test Scores,” Working paper, Innovation for Poverty Action
, 2007
"... Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (SC/ST), or groups historically labeled “untouchables” and tribals, tend to cluster in the worst secondary schools in India. This paper tests whether this clustering results from caste-based prejudice in admissions or from schools ’ objective to maximize test-sc ..."
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Cited by 2 (0 self)
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of admission. Individual-level data permits a distinction between the marginal and average students, and GIS data on the location of schools accounts for possible differences in the distribution of test-score potential across castes and allows the results from the proposed test to vary along the distribution
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