and (b) whether competitors’ products are strategic substitutes or strategic complements. The latter distinction is determined by whether more “aggressive” play (e.g., lower price or higher quantity) by one firm in a market lowers or raises compet-ing firms’ marginal profitabilities in that market. Many

In 1989, Godrèche and Luck [1] introduced the concept of local mixtures of primitive substitution rules along the example of the well-known Fibonacci substitution and foreshadowed heuristic results on the topological entropy and the spectral type of the diffraction measure of associated point sets

Key words: comparative analysis, bacterial transporters, amino acid substitution matrix

is contained in the so-called kernel matrix, a symmetric and positive definite matrix that encodes the relative positions of all points. Specifying this matrix amounts to specifying the geometry of the embedding space and inducing a notion of similarity in the input space---classical model selection

-graining procedure converts a 3D structure to a 1D code sequence. A substitution matrix between these letters is constructed based on the structural alignments of the FSSP database. Key words: structure alignment; structural codes; structural substitution matrix. 1

Recent empirical and case study evidence documents a strong association between the adoption of computers and increased use of college educated or non-production workers. With few exceptions, the conceptual link explaining how computer technology complements skilled labor or substitutes

for automatically combining statistically significant alignments produced by BLAST into a position-specific score matrix, and searching the database using this matrix. The resulting Position-Specific Iterated BLAST (PSIBLAST) program runs at approximately the same speed per iteration as gapped BLAST, but in many

) analyses for inferring evolutionary trees, selecting best-fit substitution models (nucleotide or amino acid), inferring ancestral states and sequences (along with probabilities), and estimating evolutionary rates site-by-site. In computer simulation analyses, ML tree inference algorithms in MEGA5 compared

Two approximate methods are proposed for maximum likelihood phylogenetic estimation, which allow variable rates of substitution across nucleotide sites. Three data sets with quite different characteristics were analyzed to examine empirically the performance of these methods. The first, called

A new on-line learning algorithm which minimizes a statistical de-pendency among outputs is derived for blind separation of mixed signals. The dependency is measured by the average mutual in-formation (MI) of the outputs. The source signals and the mixing matrix are unknown except for the number