contrast to some models (5, 7), raising the possibility that the target cell for tolerance induction was a precursor and not itself a functional B cell. For these reasons, we have developed methods for the enrichment ofhapten-specific B lymphocytes applicable to both mature and immature cell populations

By applying the protocol previously established, we isolated and sequenced full-length cDNA clones longer than 2 kb from a cDNA library of human immature myeloid cell line KG-1, and the coding sequences of 40 new genes were predicted. A computer search of the sequences indicated that 29 genes

p38 MAP kinase pathways are triggered upon ligation of the antigen-specific T cell receptor (TCR). During the development of T cells in the thymus, the ERK pathway is required for differentiation of CD4 � CD8 � into CD4 � CD8 � double positive (DP) thymocytes, positive selection of DP cells

The thymus is the site of considerable cell proliferation and turnover (1-3). Virtually all lymphoid cells in the organ can be labeled after 3-4 d of exposure to tritiated thymidine. It is striking, therefore, that the small cells forming the dominant population are themselves inactive in DNA synthesis. Proliferation takes place only in a minority class of large and medium-sized lymphoblasts, which traverse a full cell cycle in as little as 8 h and give rise to the small, postmitotic cells by asymmetric division (4-6). It has been estimated that the period of rapid division lasts only 1-1.5 d, after which the accumulated small cells remain in the thymus for 3-4 d before death or export (5, 6). The lymphoblasts thus represent the immediate precursors of most other thymocytes and, very likely, the ultimate precursors of T cells in the periphery. Although a great deal has been learned in recent years about the signals that trigger proliferation in mature, functional T cells (7-10), those that drive the intense mitotic activity of thymic lymphoblasts are completely obscure. It is not known, for example, whether any part of the thymoeyte antigen receptor must be engaged. For mature lymphocytes,

Bugaev, A.V., and K.W. Myers. 2009. Stock-specific distribution and abundance of immature sockeye salmon in the western Bering Sea in summer and fall 2002–2004. N. Pac. Anadr. Fish Comm. Bull. 5: 71–86. Abstract: Seasonal stock-specific distribution and abundance of immature sockeye salmon

Immunostimulatory properties of dendritic cells (DCs) are linked to their maturation state. Injection of mature DCs rapidly enhances antigen-specific CD4 � and CD8 � T cell immunity in humans. Here we describe the immune response to a single injection of immature DCs pulsed with influenza matrix

regions supporting correct inhibitory responding. Collec-tively, this work characterizes specific immaturities in adolescent brain systems that support reward processing and describes the influence of reward on inhibitory control. In sum, our findings suggest mechanisms that may underlie adolescents

of enhancing their therapeutic potential in autoimmune diseases. It is thought that during steady state, DCs are able to anergize potentially harmful T cells bearing T cell receptors that recognize self-peptide-major histocompatibility complexes. The tolerogenic capacity of DCs requires an immature phenotype

During HIV-1 assembly, Gag polypeptides target to the plasmamembrane, where they multimerize to form immature capsids that undergo budding andmaturation. Previous mutational analyses identified residues within the Gagmatrix (MA) and capsid (CA) domains that are required for immature capsid assembly

aromatase-expressing cells in the medaka optic tectum represent a transient subset of post-proliferative immature radial glial cells in the neural stem cell lineage. This finding led us to hypothesize that female-specific aromatase expression and consequent estrogen production causes some sex difference