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Entrepreneurship: Productive, Unproductive, and Destructive

by William J. Baumol - Journal of Political Economy , 1990
"... The basic hypothesis is that, while the total supply of entrepreneurs varies anlong societies, the productive contribution of the society's entrepreneurial activities varies much more because of their allocation between productive activities such as innovation and largely unproductive activitie ..."
Abstract - Cited by 599 (2 self) - Add to MetaCart
The basic hypothesis is that, while the total supply of entrepreneurs varies anlong societies, the productive contribution of the society's entrepreneurial activities varies much more because of their allocation between productive activities such as innovation and largely unproductive

Factor Graphs and the Sum-Product Algorithm

by Frank R. Kschischang, Brendan J. Frey, Hans-Andrea Loeliger - IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INFORMATION THEORY , 1998
"... A factor graph is a bipartite graph that expresses how a "global" function of many variables factors into a product of "local" functions. Factor graphs subsume many other graphical models including Bayesian networks, Markov random fields, and Tanner graphs. Following one simple c ..."
Abstract - Cited by 1787 (72 self) - Add to MetaCart
A factor graph is a bipartite graph that expresses how a "global" function of many variables factors into a product of "local" functions. Factor graphs subsume many other graphical models including Bayesian networks, Markov random fields, and Tanner graphs. Following one simple

Efficiently computing static single assignment form and the control dependence graph

by Ron Cytron, Jeanne Ferrante, Barry K. Rosen, Mark N. Wegman, F. Kenneth Zadeck - ACM TRANSACTIONS ON PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES AND SYSTEMS , 1991
"... In optimizing compilers, data structure choices directly influence the power and efficiency of practical program optimization. A poor choice of data structure can inhibit optimization or slow compilation to the point that advanced optimization features become undesirable. Recently, static single ass ..."
Abstract - Cited by 997 (8 self) - Add to MetaCart
In optimizing compilers, data structure choices directly influence the power and efficiency of practical program optimization. A poor choice of data structure can inhibit optimization or slow compilation to the point that advanced optimization features become undesirable. Recently, static single

The dynamics of productivity in the telecommunications equipment industry

by G. Steven Olley, Ariel Pakes , 1996
"... ..."
Abstract - Cited by 583 (2 self) - Add to MetaCart
Abstract not found

Scale Economies, Product Differentiation, and the Pattern of Trade

by Paul Krugman , 1980
"... ..."
Abstract - Cited by 532 (4 self) - Add to MetaCart
Abstract not found

Toward a model of text comprehension and production

by Walter Kintsch, Teun A. Van Dijk - Psychological Review , 1978
"... The semantic structure of texts can be described both at the local microlevel and at a more global macrolevel. A model for text comprehension based on this notion accounts for the formation of a coherent semantic text base in terms of a cyclical process constrained by limitations of working memory. ..."
Abstract - Cited by 540 (12 self) - Add to MetaCart
are predictable only when the control schema can be made explicit. On the production side, the model is con-cerned with the generation of recall and summarization protocols. This process is partly reproductive and partly constructive, involving the inverse operation of the macro-operators. The model is applied

Estimating Production Functions Using Inputs to Control for Unobservables

by James Levinsohn, Amil Petrin , 2000
"... ..."
Abstract - Cited by 835 (11 self) - Add to MetaCart
Abstract not found

Normalization for cDNA microarray data: a robust composite method addressing single and multiple slide systematic variation

by Yee Hwa Yang, Sandrine Dudoit, Percy Luu, Vivian Peng , 2002
"... There are many sources of systematic variation in cDNA microarray experiments which affect the measured gene expression levels (e.g. differences in labeling efficiency between the two fluorescent dyes). The term normalization refers to the process of removing such variation. A constant adjustment is ..."
Abstract - Cited by 699 (9 self) - Add to MetaCart
There are many sources of systematic variation in cDNA microarray experiments which affect the measured gene expression levels (e.g. differences in labeling efficiency between the two fluorescent dyes). The term normalization refers to the process of removing such variation. A constant adjustment is often used to force the distribution of the intensity log ratios to have a median of zero for each slide. However, such global normalization approaches are not adequate in situations where dye biases can depend on spot overall intensity and/or spatial location within the array. This article proposes normalization methods that are based on robust local regression and account for intensity and spatial dependence in dye biases for different types of cDNA microarray experiments. The selection of appropriate controls for normalization is discussed and a novel set of controls (microarray sample pool, MSP) is introduced to aid in intensity-dependent normalization. Lastly, to allow for comparisons of expression levels across slides, a robust method based on maximum likelihood estimation is proposed to adjust for scale differences among slides.

An integrated theory of the mind

by John R. Anderson, Daniel Bothell, Michael D. Byrne, Scott Douglass, Christian Lebiere, Yulin Qin - PSYCHOLOGICAL REVIEW , 2004
"... There has been a proliferation of proposed mental modules in an attempt to account for different cognitive functions but so far there has been no successful account of their integration. ACT-R (Anderson & Lebiere, 1998) has evolved into a theory that consists of multiple modules but also explain ..."
Abstract - Cited by 767 (71 self) - Add to MetaCart
where they can be detected by a production system that responds to patterns of information in the buffers. At any point in time a single production rule is selected to respond to the current pattern. Subsymbolic processes serve to guide the selection of rules to fire as well as the internal operations

Trade Liberalization, Exit, and Productivity Improvements: Evidence from Chilean Plants

by Nina Pavcnik - Review of Economic Studies , 2002
"... This paper empirically investigates the effects of liberalized trade on plant productivity in the case of Chile. Chile presents an interesting setting to study this relationship since it underwent a massive trade liberalization that significantly exposed its plants to competition from abroad during ..."
Abstract - Cited by 530 (14 self) - Add to MetaCart
This paper empirically investigates the effects of liberalized trade on plant productivity in the case of Chile. Chile presents an interesting setting to study this relationship since it underwent a massive trade liberalization that significantly exposed its plants to competition from abroad during
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