that patterns of plasticity resembling biological sensitive periods appear, and that these periods schedule learning across the compo-nents of the network, which leads to a reduction in the total learning effort while retaining the quality of learning. The sequencing of sensitive periods forms a cascade

ABSTRACT—Is a dog ever too old to learn new tricks? We review recent findings on sensitive periods in brain devel-opment, ranging from sensory processing to high-level cognitive abilities in humans. We conclude that there are multiple varieties of, and mechanisms underlying, these changes. However

constrained exhibit significantly greater sensitivities than firms that appear more financially constrained. We find this pattern for the entire sample period, subperiods, and individual years. These results (and simple theoretical arguments) suggest that higher sensitivities cannot be interpreted as evidence

Objective: To compare the effectiveness of eyeglass treatment of astigmatism-related amblyopia in children younger than 8 years (range, 4.75–7.99 years) versus children 8 years of age and older (range, 8.00–13.53 years) over short (6-week) and long (1-year) treatment intervals. Design: Prospective, interventional, comparative case–control study. Participants: Four hundred forty-six nonastigmatic (right and left eye, �0.75 diopters [D]) and 310 astigmatic (RE, �1.00 D) Native American (Tohono O’odham) children in kindergarten or grades 1 through 6. Intervention: Eyeglass correction of refractive error, prescribed for full-time wear, in astigmatic children. Main Outcome Measures: Amount of change in mean right-eye best-corrected letter visual acuity for treated astigmatic children versus untreated, age-matched nonastigmatic children after short (6-week) and long (1-year) treatment intervals. Results: Astigmatic children had significantly reduced mean best-corrected visual acuity at baseline compared to nonastigmatic children. Astigmats showed significantly greater improvement in mean best-corrected visual acuity (0.08 logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution [logMAR] unit; approximately 1 line), than the nonastigmatic children (0.01 logMAR unit) over the 6-week treatment interval. No additional treatment effect was observed between 6 weeks and 1 year. Treatment effectiveness was not dependent on age group (�8 years vs.

The eVect of early musical training on adult motor performance:

Introduction Research and theory on critical periods in development has not been an active topic in developmental psychology for many years. As evidence, neither critical period nor sensitive period appears in the index of any of the four volumes of the Fifth Edition of the Handbook of Child

organs that may be affected has its own "sensitive period " to the viral infection, after which no gross malformations are produced. These sensitive periods are mainly confined to the first trimester of pregnancy. The narrowly limited periods of susceptibility suggest that restrictive

-stock measures estimated with daily data, relies on the principle that order flow induces greater return reversals when liquidity is lower. Over a 34-year period, the average return on stocks with high sensitivities to liquidity exceeds that for stocks with low sensitivities by 7.5 % annually, adjusted

in the Volcker-Greenspan period appears to have been much more sensitive to changes in expected in�ation than in the pre-Volcker period. We then compare some of the implications of the estimated rules for the equilibrium properties of in�ation and output, using a simple macroeconomic model, and show

The central proposal of this article is that verbal reports are data. Accounting for verbal reports, as for other kinds of data, requires explication of the mech-anisms by which the reports are generated, and the ways in which they are sensitive to experimental factors (instructions, tasks, etc