protections of investors, with German- and Scandinavian-civil-law countries located in the mid-dle. We also find that concentration of ownership of shares in the largest public companies is negatively related to investor protec-tions, consistent with the hypothesis that small, diversified share

We examine the relationship of environmental antecedents to asset restructuring in nine French civil law countries in Latin America and Europe. In these countries, business group affiliation helps member firms to access resources, take advantage of environmental opportunities, and neutralize

other than Great Britain, the Scandinavian'countries, Switzerland and ourselves, we find that a large part of the law which we call civil ' and a small part of the criminal have separated themselves off or grown up independently and form a distinct body known as commercial law. In the whole

that there is not much evidence that common law countries protect financial investors better than civil law countries, we find support for the view that investors are treated differently.

Abstract: We argue that enforcement costs, ignored in the literature on ‘efficient breach’, are important for the choice of contract breach remedy. Empirically we find that specific performance is almost never claimed in Civil Law countries. It involves forcing a party in breach to perform actions

There are many ways to characterise changes in civil procedure. However, in spite of multiple fine tweaks to European national procedural laws that happen practically on an annual basis, it is difficult to distinguish whether we have in fact undergone a major change of paradigm in the last two

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This article offers an overview of Francoist repression in the Catalan Countries from the outbreak of the Civil War to the first decade after the establishment of the dictatorship. It covers both physical violence and measures such as economic repression, imprisonment, professional purges

the cross-listing. There is also a significant reduction in recommendation dispersion that is mainly driven by firms listed on the NYSE and NASDAQ. The improvement in the dispersion is stronger for exchange-listed ADRs that come from emerging markets, originating in countries with civil law tradition

/non-specialized. In economics the issues are sources of money and control over expenditures. Civil rights has not yet received the attention in developing countries that it has begun to receive in developed countries. Disability policy consists of laws, programs, and judicial decisions in at leastl the four areas of education