The views in this paper are solely the responsibility of the authors and should not be interpreted as reflecting the views of the Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco or the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System. Working Paper 2014-21

This report is one in a series of reports that provide snapshots of substance use and mental disorders in metropolitan areas across the United States. This report focuses on the Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA) 1 of San Francisco-Oakland-Fremont, CA. 2 Data come from the National Survey on Drug

San Francisco www.iwslt2011.org Proceedings of the International Workshop on

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The U. S. market for homes appears riot to be efficient. A number of information variables predict housing price changes and excess returns of housing relative to debt over the succeeding year. Price changes observed over one year tend to continue for one more year in the same direction. Construction cost divided by price, the change in per capita real income, the change in adult population are all positively related to price changes or excess returns over the subsequent year. The results are based on time-series cross section regressions with quarterly data 1970-1 to 1987-3 and for cities Atlanta, Chicago, Dallas, and

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The discovery by Tigerstedt and Bergmann (1) of the pressor substance, renin, in the kidney of the rabbit has been amply confirmed. This substance, moreover, has been found to be present in the kidney of every mammal thus far investigated (2-6). The site of renin production or concentration in the kidney is unknown. Goormaghtigh (7-9), on the basis of histological studies of normal and hypertensive kidneys of rabbits and dogs, suggested that renin is secreted by the juxtaglomerular apparatus. On the other hand, Weeks and his associates (10), from their studies concerning the surgical reduction of blood pressure in hypertensive dogs, suggested that the tubule of the kidney is the site of formation of the pressor substance(s). The physiological interdependence of both the glomerular and the tubular vasculature of the mammalian kidney makes the separate assay of either system for renin content difficult. However, the reported absence of glomeruli and significant arterial circulation in the kidney of the toadfish (11) suggested that renin assays of both glomerular and aglomerular fish kidneys might provide a unique opportunity for the

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The prevalence of the use of e-cigarettes is increasing. E-cigarettes are marketed as an alternative to smoking tobacco that only produces harmless water vapor, with no adverse impact on indoor air quality. However, published literature seems to show that e-cigarettes are not harmless.1 Photo 1 shows an e-cigarette user exhaling a dense visible aerosol into the surrounding air. This visible aerosol consists of condensed submicron liquid droplets, which contain many chemicals including some that are carcinogenic, such as formaldehyde, metals (cadmium, lead, nickel), and nitrosamines. The Hazards of E-Cigarettes Figure 1 is a schematic of typical e-cigarette compo-nents. E-cigarettes contain a liquid, typically propylene glycol and/or glycerol, that include varying amounts of nicotine (e.g., 0 to 36 mg/mL) as well as flavorants. A wicking material is used to transport the liquid by capil-lary action from a reservoir to the heater. When the user