ation, and termination phases of protein synthesis. Because the structures of several DNA and RNA polymerases have been determined at atomic resolution, the mechanisms of DNA and RNA synthesis are both well understood. Determination of the structure of the ribosome, however, has proven a daunting

of the fact thatribosomal proteins are assembled in the nucleolus of all cells. Consequently, transgenic mice containing ribosomal protein L10a fused to enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP)— for example, the Pcp2 bacTRAP and NeuroD1 bacTRAP lines that express in cerebellar Purkinje and granule neurons

types of data, such as morphology. Based on this foundation, we developed a Bayesian MCMC approach to the analysis of combined data sets and explored its utility in inferring relationships among gall wasps based on data from morphology and four genes (nuclear and mitochondrial, ribosomal and protein

Fragile X syndrome is a common form of inherited mental retardation caused by the loss of FMR1 expression. The FMR1 gene encodes an RNA-binding protein that associates with translating ribosomes and acts as a negative translational regulator. In Drosophila, the fly homolog of the FMR1 protein (d

The rice plastid genes psaA and psaB encoding the two apoproteins ofP700 chlorophyll a protein complex of photosystem I reac-tion center, and the putative rpsl4 gene for ribosomal protein Sl4, are organized into a transcription u it. Northern blot analyses revealed that the polycistronic m

-pairing geometry and discriminating against near-cognate tRNA. The third, or Òwob-ble,Ó position of the codon is free to accommodate certain noncanonical base pairs. By partially inducing these structural changes, paromomycin facilitates binding of near-cognate tRNAs. During protein synthesis, the ribosome cata

the fidelity of 48S pre-initiation complex formation. Eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF2), eIF3, and eIF4F were required for initiation; eIF4B and to a lesser extent the pyrimidine tract-binding protein stimulated this process. We show that eIF4F binds to the IRES in a novel cap-independent manner

Microbial engineering often requires fine control over protein expression; for example, to connect genetic circuits 1-7 or control flux through a metabolic pathway 8-13. We have developed a predictive design method for synthetic ribosome binding sites that enables the rational control of a protein

Techniques for systematically monitoring protein translation have lagged far behind methods for measuring messenger RNA (mRNA) levels. Here, we present a ribosome-profiling strategy that is based on the deep sequencing of ribosome-protected mRNA fragments and enables genome-wide investigation

genome is a single-stranded RNA molecule with plus-strand polarity and is approxi-mately 9,500 nucleotides (nt) long (5, 13, 18, 24, 32). On the basis of sequence comparisons and in vitro translation studies, the HCV genome appears to encode several struc-tural and nonstructural proteins (Fig. 1) (4, 12